The Importance of Plot in William Faulkners A Rose for...

The Importance of Plot in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, by William Faulkner, plot plays an important role in how the story is played out. Faulkner does not use chronological order in this short story. Instead, he uses an order that has many twists and turns. It appears to have no relevance while being read, but in turn, plays an important role in how the story is interpreted by the reader. Why does Faulkner present the plot of this story in this manner? How does it affect the reader? What does the convoluted plot presentation do to this story? How might the story be different if the plot was presented in chronological order? These are a few questions that have come to my attention while reading this†¦show more content†¦This totally surprised me as a reader, having no clue that it was possible for her to commit such a crime. After reading the story, it is easy to see why Faulkner told the story in the way that he did. He did it to keep the reader on his toes and to not let the reader be abl e to predict what might happen next. Second, how does Faulkner’s plot affect the reader? Faulkner is a brilliant writer due to the fact that he keeps the reader guessing throughout the whole story. Not once, while reading â€Å"A Rose for Emily† did I have a clue about what might happen next in the story. Sure, I thought I knew what was going to happen next, but I was never right. Faulkner kept me on my toes from the opening sentence until the concluding sentence. While reading the story one had to stay focused on when and where each part was taking place because Faulkner was changing the time period every chance that he could. This story is one that needs to be read in a quiet room with no distractions available. If it is read without ones full attention, the reader will be left confused and without the full understanding of the story. With the many twists and turns throughout the story, one cannot afford to miss one single part. If so, it might be enough to ruin the whole outlook of the story as a whole. One way that Faulkner keeps the reader guessing is by justShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily And Barn Burning By William C. Faulkner949 Words   |  4 Pagesshort stories were written by William C. Faulkner who embodied the Southern sensibility, and to this day his stories continue to be enjoyed by many. Faulkner was born from a rich family who had accumulated wealth before the Civil War, but like many families in the South they had lost all of it during the conflict. His family moved to Oxford, Mississippi which is the basis for the fictional town of Jefferson in most of his stories from Yoknapatawpha County. Faulkner’s stories create a mood to makeRead MoreWilla Cathers Issues with Realism and The Barn Burner, Paragraphs1059 Words   |  4 Pages1. Willa Cather 2. Willa Cather and the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne 3. The Barn Burner 4. A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner 1. Willa Cather seems to take issue with the bland and boring nature of realism above all else. She notes that realism is not in itself an artistic expression, yet so many art forms from literature to paintings—particularly from her time period—portray little more than the realism of our world. In her mind, the literalness that is realism can be successfullyRead MoreElements of a Southern Atmosphere in OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Faulkners A Rose for Emily1878 Words   |  8 PagesGeorgia Crick Eng 102 Davis Short Story Essay Revision May 6, 2013 Elements of a Southern Atmosphere in O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† and Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Though the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† differ in plot, theme, voice, and many other aspects, both contain similar characters and settings. The authors of these highly acclaimed Southern Gothic works, have skillfully and eloquently created intricate characters and imagery that portrayRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1930, William Faulkner wrote a five-part story entitled â€Å"A Rose for Emily† that follows the life of a young woman named Miss Emily Grierson. Faulkner sets his story in the Old South, soon after the ending of America’s Civil War, and represents the decaying values of the Confederacy (Kirszner Mandell, 2013a, p. 244). One of these values which the text portrays quite often in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is the patriarchal custom of society viewing men as having more importance than their female counterpartsRead MoreAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s Miss Brill 1633 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelation to William Faulkner s short story A Rose For Emily. Although both stories appear to be not so alike, the connections they impart are of substantially more value. The distinctions in social contribution between Miss Brill and Emily Grierson can t exceed the similarities in their absence of social and emotional lives and their shocking conditions of refusal. The plots of the stories demonstrate the dissimilarities in the social lives between Miss Brill and Grierson Emily and how bothRead MoreLiterary Pieces Of Winter Dreams By F. Fitzgerald And A Rose For Emily1785 Words   |  8 PagesScott F. Fitzgerald and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner included the social and environmental influences that encouraged and controlled the character’s life and decisions. In â€Å"Winter Dreams†, the main protagonist-- Dexter-- fell into a fixation over a young, whimsical blueblood, Judy Jones. His obsession led him to believe that Judy Jones reciprocated his feelings for her, leaving him bare and mortal-- despite prior beliefs. Following her father’s death, Miss Emily fell into a dark obscurityRead MoreEssay on The Scrambling of Time in Faulkners A Rose for Emily1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scrambling of Time in Faulkners A Rose for Emily In, A Rose for Emily, Faulkner uses the element of time to enhance details of the setting and vice versa. By avoiding the chronological order of events of Miss Emilys life, Faulkner first gives the reader a finished puzzle, and then allows the reader to examine this puzzle piece by piece, step by step. By doing so, he enhances the plot and presents two different perspectives of time held by the characters. The first perspective (the worldRead MoreA Rose for Emily the Yellow Wallpaper5184 Words   |  21 PagesThe protagonists in both â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman experience struggles within their society throughout their respective stories. Although the stories are very different, the struggles for each protagonist stem from the perception and expectations of women in society during the time each story was written. The protagonist in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† struggles throughout the story due to her controlling husband and a woman’sRead More Short-story Paper2093 Words   |  9 PagesPAPER Compare/contrast Faulkners Dry September with A rose for Emily in terms of writing style and character presentation.; What is going to be analyzed in this paper are the two short stories by W. Faulkner A Rose for Emily and Dry September. Basically, what is to be performed is a comparison/contrast analysis in terms of the writing style and character presentation. More specifically, I will provide first the information from the story A Rose for Emily, concerning writing styleRead More Flannery O’Connor Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesEverything That Rises Must Converge centers on the relationship between Julian, a young man who has recently graduated from college, and his mother. It takes place in a city in the South soon after integration. Much like Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, Julian’s mother is a product of the Old South. She takes tremendous pride in her heritage due to the fact that her ancestors were people who were once very highly respected. Her grandfather was a former state governor as

Stylistic Elements of To Kill A Mockingbird Essay - 615 Words

The stylistic elements that an author chooses are instrumental in ensuring that the theme or tone that he or she wishes to convey is in fact conveyed to the reader. Harper Lee obviously realizes this, for in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird (Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird, [New York: Warner, 1982] 278) she wisely selects a distinctive style to relate the moving story of a young child discovering harsh truths regarding human nature The predominant stylistic element Miss Lee uses is her diction and choice of sentence length. At the beginning of the selection, the sentences are short and simple. This syntax is especially appropriate, due to the fact that the novel is written in first person, the narrator being a six year old girl named†¦show more content†¦Fall, and his children trotted to and fro around the corner, the day’s woes ans triumphs on their faces. They stopped at an oak tree, delighted, puzzled, apprehensive.† Once again, Lee’s syntax is very suitable in the message she is trying to impart. Scout’s exposure to the strange and startling realities of the human soul take away her youthful innocence. Thus, she begins to, as all people must do, mature. Another stylistic element that greatly aids in progressing the theme and tone of the novel is Lee’s implementation of imagery. She begins with Scout on the porch of a house she had once thought to be haunted. â€Å"Street lights winked down the street all the way to town....In daylight, i thought, you could see the postoffice corner.† Then, she makes a transition, taking on a reflective tone. â€Å"Daylight,† she says, â€Å"in my mind, the night faded.† Her reference to daylight is symbolic of the new view that Scout has. Her knowledge has shed a fresh â€Å"light† on things. She begins to describe the high points of her young life – only this time with a new perspective â€Å"A boy trudged down the sidewalk dragging his fishing pole behind him......Winter and his children shivered at the front gate, silhouetted against a blazing house.† This imagery allows the reader to grasp a hold of the change that Scout has undergone due to the i nformation she has gained regarding the truths of human nature. The words that spill across the pages are no longerShow MoreRelatedThe Analysis of the Extract from the Novel â€Å"to Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee.1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe analysis of the extract from the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee. Ostrikova Veronika Nelle Harper Lee was born April 28, 1926. She is an American novelist, who has published only one novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Born in Monroeville, Alabama, she studied law at the University of Alabama, then spent a year in the United Kingdom, studying at Oxford. Living in New York City, she supported herself working as an airline reservation clerk, but was soon determined to pursue a careerRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Theme Analysis/Essay1901 Words   |  8 PagesHarper Lee’s novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, is a realistic story that deeply discusses issues involved with the 1930’s that still resonate today. The struggles of life are evident within the believable characters of Maycomb County which is a microcosm, reflective of universal issues. Along with the authentic characters, setting and style also helps to convey Lee’s controversial notions of racial and gender prejudice, and persecution of the innocent, discussing many other ideas within. Lee commentsRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 Pagesbreak it down into smaller parts and then examine how those parts work, both individually and together. Literary analysis involves examining all the parts of a novel, play, short story, or poem—elements such as character, setting, tone, and imagery—and thinking about how the author uses those elements to create certain effects. A literary essay isn’t a book review: you’re not being asked whether you liked a book or whether you’d recommend it to another reader. A literary essay also isn’t likeRead MoreMidterm 2 Essays James Pham1829 Words   |  8 Pagesparallels and reversals. Rozsa utilizes modal harmonies and parallel chords to deploy the spirit of the Roman era. Throughout the film, he embraces traditional love themes for the three separate love relationships. Rozsa incorporates overall stylistic harmony by applying musical ideas that are associated with Roman, Hebrew, and early Christian. Furthermore, it can be seen that Rozsa chose many of the melodies to be modal. He also used parallel harmonies to maintain the same pitch correlationRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesEffect: ï‚ · too soon to tell Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · people beginning a new century and a new millennium media culture interprets values Analyzing Poetry: Poetry Tips Analyzing Poetry What is poetry? How is it analyzed? What are the elements of poetry? Good questions! This web page provides a quick overview of poetry analysis. Please note that this handout discusses the basics of poetry; there is much more to know about it than there is room to discuss here. Laurence Perrine s bookRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesfollows its earthly counterpart; the negative or evil manifestation of what is actually on the â€Å"inside† of the haunted character. The Creature is Victor Frankenstein’s doppelganger. 24. dramatic monologue: a kind of lyric poem which has the following elements: 1) a single person, a speaker (patently not the poet) utters the entire poem in a specific situation at a critical moment; and 2) this person addresses and interacts with one or more other people, but we know of the auditor’s presence and what theyRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesnature writing of her later life. Producing publications for the Bureau of Fisheries and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson increased her already considerable expertise in biology and honed her skills as a writer. The bureaucratic elements of such work do not seem to have been at all stifling; in Notable American Women, Paul Brooks credits Carson for setting a new Author Biography 3 standard for government publication. It was inevitable that such work would someday come to the

DC Design is Automobile Customizing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the DC Design is Automobile Customizing. Answer: Introduction DC design is an automobile customizing company founded by Dilip Chhabria in 1983. The automobiles are highly priced such that even the founder cannot customize his own car (Chhabrria, 2016). It is located in India. The company rose very fast in the market due to the quality design of cars they provide and is currently one of the most famous automobiles manufacturing company in India. They customize both interior and exterior of the cars to provide the best cars. They deal with a variety of cars which are luxurious and meant for the rich in the society hence their market is mainly the high-end people in society such as movie stars. The market they are targeting to work with is manufactures of automobiles locally and international manufacturers(Chhabria, 2018). The market niche targeted by these designers is to provide buyers with something that car manufacturers are not able to provide hence customization. They work with the worlds best car manufacturers such as Ford and Renault. The Business canvas model of DC designers Key Partners This building block describes where a company outsources some of its activities. Dc designers have partnerships with big marketing agencies in America which help in marketing their cars to improve sales. Customer relationships This block describes how the business ensures a good and lasting relationship with customers. To acquire customers, DC designers offer free trials before purchasing a vehicle to show the vehicles are high quality and ensure customer loyalty after they buy the cars. Value proposition Value proposition represents the group of products that build value for a particular section of customers that will make them buy from the company and not any other. DC designers specially customize their cars for luxury. This attracts the rich in the society who want and are able to live luxurious lives. Customer Segments This segment is very important since customers are very important and first priority of the business.(Cummings, 2011) The business mainly deals with high-end people in the society, therefore they have marked their customers such as celebrities Vivek Oberoi and Sanjay Dutt who they have done several projects for them. Key Activities This block in the business model describes all activities that a business carries out to effectively operate. DC automobile design carries out activities such as marketing, consultancy and creating partnerships so as to perform efficiently. Key resources Key resources building block describes what a business should have to be able to operate in general. DC designers need manufactured cars or spare parts to be able to customize the cars (dcdesigners, 2018). Revenue streams Revenue streams represent the money that the company gets from sales. To design high-end automobiles, the design company gets almost $1 million from a customer(Chhabria, Dilip Chhabria: Tapping into Indias Promise as a Global Hub for Car Design, 2015). Cost structure DC designers incur a huge cost that comes from their activities, resources, customer satisfaction and all other elements that form the business. Channels This building block explains how the company tries to reach its customers or suppliers. When DC designers were founded social media was not readily available, so they had to reach their customers physically to advertise their cars. These days, they work with marketing agencies which assist in marketing and also advertise on their own on social media such as Facebook. The relationship across the nine building blocks A business canvas model is a model that explains how a business ensures value of the products and services they provide, the key partnerships that enable value to the business, key resources that are used to achieve value, costs involved in the business, the key activities carried out to facilitate operations in the business, how the business gets revenue and the relationship the business has with its customers(Hossain, 2014). All the nine building blocks in the business model are correlated. A business has different customer segment and strives to satisfy each segment which is value proposition through customer relationships such that the customers remain loyal to the business. Channels are used by the business to ensure different segments of customers are satisfied and attended to. Value proposition and good customer relations help to generate revenue. Key resources are required to ensure value proposition. By doing certain activities with partners using the key resources, the busi ness is able to generate revenue. The entire business model shows where the costs incurred in the business come from(Bravanov, 2011). The commitment of the top executive is very crucial for success(Atuluku Achendu, 2017). Dilip Chhabria who is the CEO of DC design should lead other leaders and ensure they are committed to the business. This will ensure that the executives manage the employees well and attend to their needs. Their commitment should be true enough to even work together with employees in designing and customizing quality cars. This will also motivate the workforce making them be committed to the business hence promoting its growth and development which will, in turn, ensure sustainability. Partnerships help a business to get new ideas and also improve their market. For DC car design to be successful and ensure sustainability in the market, they should form partnerships. These partnerships should be with different kinds of companies which would help the business to grow. They already have partnerships with several marketing agencies in different parts of the world who assist them in marketing. This has expanded their market internationally. Despite that, the business should also establish partnerships with similar businesses such as Avanti which are already established in the market. This will assist in getting skills and technique of remaining relevant in the market hence ensuring sustainability. In order to ensure success and sustainability, DC car design should phase their activities. The first phase is always how the employees are treated in the business and conserving the environment through activities such as reducing pollution by fuels. These activities focus on people, with a good environment and motivated workers, the sustainability of the business is assured. The second phase is introducing activities that will ensure continuity of the business such recycling wastes. The third phase is outsourcing activities such as partnerships which will also contribute to sustainability(Atuluku Uchendu, 2017). Engaging employees in business activities It is important for the business to always engage their employees in activities going on through communication. When employees are engaged, they become more productive since they feel as if they are part of the business (Perkins Serafeim, 2012). This will also make it easier for them to communicate in case they have any problems and also promote teamwork. The top executives should communicate to employees about the businesss sustainability goals and engage them in activities that help ensure sustainability. Downside risk describes a worst-case scenario in a business whereby the value of investment drops hugely. This is caused by huge losses in the business whereby the returns of the business are constantly lower than expected such that it causes the entire investment to fail (Chong Michaels, 2012). Poor management of funds may also cause downside risk. When managers and other executives in the business start to misappropriate and embezzle funds, there will be huge losses in the business that cannot be recovered causing the entire investment to fail(Investopedia, 2018). Conclusion DC design is a high-end business which has a huge opportunity of growing due to the great demand of luxurious sports cars among the rich since they are a clear pointer to someones social status. With proper management from the executives, they can be a multi-billion company in one decade. If DC cars design was my business, I will make certain changes to the business model to ensure growth and sustainability of the business. With the partnership, I will do more partnerships not only with the companies that will help in marketing and supply of cars but also other businesses such as Avanti which is the fastest company in India selling customized sports cars(The Hindu, 2016) This is also due to the fact that DC design is trying to imitate or do activities they are doing. This will raise more ideas for the business which main cause growth and ensure sustainability. To ensure more revenue, I will also venture into car manufacturing alongside customizing cars. This will ensure reduced costs on buying cars and also the business can earn from simply selling the manufactured cars. References Atuluku, A., Achendu, J. (2017). Critical Success Factors for Business Sustainability. Retrieved from https://sustyvibes.com/critical-success-factors-business-sustainability/ Atuluku, A., Uchendu, J. (2017). Critical Success Factors for Business Sustainability. Retrieved from https://sustyvibes.com/critical-success-factors-business-sustainability/ Bravanov, D. (2011, May 28). 10 thoughts on The 9 Building Blocks of a Business Model . Retrieved from https://thestartuptoolkit.com/ Chhabria, D. (2015, Feb 21). Dilip Chhabria: Tapping into Indias Promise as a Global Hub for Car Design. (India Knowledge@Wharton, Interviewer) Chhabrria, D. (2016, March 24). Why Dilip Chhabria cant afford to customize his own cars. (The Hindu, Interviewer) Chong, J., Michaels, P. (2012). Measuring risk for the cost of capital: The downside beta approach. Journal of Corporate Treasury Management, 346347. Cummings, D. (2011, May 28). The 9 Building Blocks of a Business Model. Retrieved from https://davidcummings.org/2011/05/28/the-9-building-blocks-of-a-business-model/ do designers. (2018). DC design. Retrieved from https://dcdesign.co.in/ Hossain, M. (2014, July 2). Business Development Model of Canvas: The 9 Building Block Approach. Retrieved from https://iammoulude.wordpress.com/2014/07/02/business-development-model-of-canvas-the-9-building-block-approach/ Investopedia. (2018). Downside Risk. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/downsiderisk.asp Perkins , M., Serafeim. (2012). How to become a sustainable company? MIT Sloan Management Review. The Hindu. (2016, March 24). Why Dilip Chhabria cant afford to customize his own cars. Retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/business/why-dilip-chhabria-cant-afford-to-customise-his-own-cars/article7989894.ece

Machiavelli Man Or Monster Essays - Italian Politicians

Machiavelli: Man Or Monster? When most people think of the word Machiavelli, they usually think of evil. Nicolo Machiavelli is often thought of as a devil. Indeed, shortly after the books publication, he was vilified. Only recently has he started to be thought of as a perceptive analyst, with a unique knowledge of human nature (Curry, 5). Francis Bacon, a noted writer, philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, has been quoted as saying, We are much beholden to Machiavelli and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do. His landmark book, of course, is the brief, intense, and powerful book, The Prince. When most people think of him, they only remember this book. However, he had many other talents. He is the writer of several comedies, including La Mandragola, Clizia, and The Woman From Andros. He was the first author of the history of Florence, his hometown. He was given the standard humanistic education available, which taught him logic, rhetoric, grammar, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (Curry, 17). At the age of 29, he was elected to the post of second chancellor, probably thanks to friends of his father. He soon became secretary of the Ten of War, Florences military and foreign affairs council. This means he was to report to the Ten of War on diplomatic matters, and as messenger in negotiations. His real work, of course, was more involved, and himself often assisted on sensitive issues himself (Curry, 31). Throughout this work, he displayed what was to become steadfast dedication. In 1502, Machiavelli was sent to meet the inspiration for The Prince, Cesare Borgia. At the time, Borgia was rapidly gutting a new domain for himself, something the Ten of War found threatening, of course. Machiavelli was in shock and awe when he saw how Borgia dealt with plotters who intended to kill him: he had them killed at dinner. However, he relied on fate than his ability (Curry, 1502). Eventually, Borgias luck ran out, and his empire fell apart when he became sick (Machiavelli, 118). In 1507, Machiavelli and a friend, Piero Soderini, proposed a militia to defend Florences interests. Until this point, Florence had used mercenaries, which had proven useless in several campaigns. The proposal was accepted, and the Nine of Militia was formed, with Machiavelli as secretary. He is regarded as a highly successful tactician, and wrote a book on the subject, The Art of War. Within two years, the city of Pisa was regained. Pisa had been a source of constant embarrassment, it being lost in 1494 and staying intact after two failed campaigns (Curry, 32, 40). Then, three years after that, the Medici, the old ruling family, took power again. Machiavelli was dismissed from his posts and tortured for a month. Luckily, in March, the pope died, and the new pope came from the Medici family. Florence became a papal land and amnesty was declared. Knowing he was still unsafe, he left the city of Florence and retired to his private farm. There he adapted to a completely different style of life, by day overseeing work, reading poetry, gossiping, drinking, and playing games with the locals. At night, he would change dramatically. He would enter the house, exchange his day clothes for his robes of state, and begin to write. The fruit of this labor was The Prince, written to win favor with the Medici family (Curry, 42-48)(Machiavelli, 31). The Medici, however, had no need of him, and his political leanings made him a liability. He realized that he would not be re-hired, and turned to writing. His first known play, La Mandragola, was written in 1518. It is a black comedy, and every bit as lewd as modern comedies (Machiavelli, 67-106). He started becoming active again as a political thinker, and soon found himself writing another book, The Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius, or as its known today, The Discourses. It is the longest and most original of Machivellis work, and absolutely essential, because it shows that he doesnt believe in immorality for its own sake, and that the strongest, most united state is the republic (Curry, 86-88). In 1519, as his work on The Discourses was finished, the Medici ruler of Florence died.

University of Bahrain Essays - Latter Day Saint Movement

University of Bahrain Department of English Language Year: 2016- 2017 The Mormons Research Paper 57150033020 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal Course: American Multiculturalism 411 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal Course: American Multiculturalism 411 The Content The Introduction . Page (3 - 4) The Body .. Page (5 - 7) The Conclusion . Page (8 - 9) References ... Page (10) Introduction Mormons have always had a peculiar hold on the American imagination, but few know who the Mormons actually are or who they claim to be, and their story is one of the great neglected American narratives. Mormonism is a way of life that is practiced by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Over two-thirds of the church's membership is in the United States. However, members are also located in many other countries around the world. Mormons use the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and two other books or revelations to Joseph Smith, founder of the church. These other two revelations are the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. The Mormon organization consists of a three member First Presidency and a twelve man Council of Apostles who make up the major policy-making body of the church. Mormonism's founding doctrine was based on the assumption that Christianity was corrupt and that it was necessary to restore the "true" Christian gospel. The Mormon Church sees only itself as recognized by God. Joseph Smith founded the church in New York in 1830. He said that he had visions of God and other heavenly beings that told him to establish the restored Christian Church. He was "directed" to some thin metal plates that he translated into what is now called the book of Mormons. This book describes the history, wars, and religious beliefs of a group of people who migrated from Jerusalem to America. Smith attracted a small group of followers who settled in Kirtland, Ohio, and Jackson County, Missouri. Because of persecution, the church moved to northern Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. The people of Illinois welcomed the persecuted Mormons, and Smith began to construct a temple and a hotel there. In 1843, Smith secretly instituted the practice of plural marriage among a group of his followers. This could be because he himself had 50 wives. The Mormons lived in relative peace until 1844 when a group became mad about Smith's practices. They started a newspaper called the "Nauvoo Expositor" and attacked him, accusing him of practicing polygamy. Smith denied this charge but was killed anyway. Brigham Young took over as their new leader. In 1852, polygamy was officially announced at the Mormon conference. The Body The Mormon Church Is a conservative religion focused on family values and strong participation in community service. It is an unspoken rule that all men must complete a mission during which time there sent around the world for two years to proselytize and convert others to the Mormon faith. These young boys are taken from their church and the members claim that their faith in the word and the messages received by Joseph Smith is so strong that they are willing to put their faith in the hands of young boys. While an interesting joke, church does have significantly more text than most Christian faiths. In addition to the Old Testament and the New Testament members of the Mormon Church add to their scriptures the book of Mormon, the pearl of great price, and doctrine and covenants. It is said that these additional scriptures were founded by Joseph Smith at the direction of an angel, uncovered and translated in spite of his ignorance and Illiteracy were translated after which they w ere taken back up to heaven. Mormons believe that God has a clear plan for each of us. This plan is thought to have begun before we came to earth, and which will continue after this life. Those beliefs are written in thirteen clear declarations known as: "The Articles of Faith". Many religions have a written creed that clearly establishes beliefs and practices for that religion. The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints does not have such a strict creed as a code of faith; rather they recognize the

Idioms About Distance

Idioms About Distance Idioms About Distance Idioms About Distance By Mark Nichol The English language, rich with idiom, is replete with colorful words and phrases about measurement of distance. Here is a look at some of those expressions, roughly in order of the magnitude of the length being referred to. Colloquial phrases about distances include hairbreadth, referring, as the word indicates, to the thickness of a hair with the connotation of coming within an infinitesimal distance of doing something. The closing of this compound word, first known to have been used in the early 1600s, is unusual, as is the insertion of the plural s in the middle of the plural form: hairsbreadth. Similarly, one can refer to doing something â€Å"by a whisker.† One can also say that that a room or other place is so small, one could not swing a cat in the confined space. Two idioms that do not refer to literal distance but include figurative references to distance follow: To express that someone is not trustworthy, one can write or say, â€Å"I don’t trust [someone] any farther than I can throw him† (or her). To indicate that one does not want to get close to an object or a subject, one can refer to not wanting to touch something or someone with a ten-foot pole- or, rarely, a barge pole (referring to a long pole used to propel a barge, a long, flat boat used for hauling freight or debris, by pushing the pole’s end against the shallow bottom of the waterway). A small but more extensive distance might be described as a hop, skip, and a jump or spitting distance (not to be confused with the much more intimate striking distance, denoting sufficient proximity to hit someone or something), though these expressions refer to more than the literal distance, likely even more than â€Å"a stone’s throw†- literally, the distance one can throw a rock of indeterminate size. Meanwhile, something right in one’s backyard is no great distance. Many people are familiar with the expression â€Å"Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes,† attributed to various American officers during the Battle of Bunker Hill during the Revolutionary War. This admonition to withhold musket fire until the targeted enemy is close enough for a sure shot that justifies the use of precious ammunition had been used repeatedly in various forms for several decades before that conflict, however, and originated with a Swedish king in the early 1600s. It never achieved popular usage, though, even as a figurative expression. An expression from the American South refers to how many looks away a destination is; this term denotes how many landmarks one must look for before arriving. (â€Å"Turn right at the church, then, when you come to a big stump right next to the road, take the next left turn, and it’s right past the creek crossing† represents three or four looks, depending on whether the left turn after the stump counts as a look.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor15 Types of DocumentsWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Colonization of Chile and Mapuche Peoples And Colonization of Peru And Essay

Colonization of Chile and Mapuche Peoples And Colonization of Peru And Incas - Essay Example This essay stresses that both Peru and Chile were colonized by the Spaniards although there are some significant differences. In Peru, they had the support of the natives which was not present in Chile. The Mapuche resisted but the Incas had infighting which weakened them and allowed the colonists to take advantage of the situation. The Spaniards arrived in Peru at the height of the civil war but there was no such disturbance in Chile. The elite Chileans tried to establish themselves as informal authority even before any struggle of independence began but the elite Incas were torn between emancipation and loyalty to the crown. In Peru, the colonists had the support of the local natives which was not present in Chile. This paper makes a conclusion that colonization anywhere in the world has always been confronted with resistance, struggles, and demonstration of power. The colonists always attempt to impose their own culture and laws. The purpose in every case is only to expand their territory and repress people by imposing forced labor. The struggle is reduced if the area to be colonized is internally weak as in the case of Peru. Because of these struggles and the consequent resistance no economic growth takes place in the region. Any development has to demonstrate improvement in the lives of the people and the communities. While the indigenous people have always tried to resist, the elite in every group has been able to muster some amount of support.

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America Research Paper

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America - Research Paper Example The media in America can be seen as the supporters of drugs, like alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine. Both print and visual media show the use of drugs abundantly. The excessive portrayal of drugs and violence in the media has a mighty impact on the teenagers, but the media in America do not take the matter seriously. Therefore, one can find various opinions regarding the presentation of the news of drugs in media. The media picture the use of drugs in different ways. It depicts the public on one side and the drug producers on the other side. The portrayal of drugs in movies and videos has created a desensitized attitude to drugs among the teenagers and the youth. The present article makes out a study on the relationship between media and drugs in the American society, emphasizing how the excessive display of drugs in media has desensitized this matter. Media portray the American youth as affected with sex, drugs, crime, and the illicit substances. The involvement of youth and teenagers with drugs and other substances has made the media think that the use of drug among the children is inseparable from the American way of life. So the media are not at all reluctant in presenting such things, instead, they popularize the use of it. The teenagers are the most likely affected ones by the media. The project Media Portrayal of Teenagers and the Effects by Kiera Gilbert, a student of City Charter High School, focuses on the presentation of teenagers by the media with regard to drugs and other substances. The writer says that in America about 4000 teens at grade 6 smoke tobacco for the first time and half of these teens become addicted to smoking. The media play a crucial role in the enhancement of it among the teens, as the presentation of drugs in media is connected with the glamorizing the habit. The writer makes the points clearer by stating that â€Å"cigarette advertising increases teenagers’ risk of smoking by glamorizing smoking and smokers† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The media have played a key role in the increasing alcoholism among the teens in the nation. â€Å"Alcohol drinks are the most common beverages portrayed on TV and 56% of students on grades 5-12 say alcohol advertising encourages them to drink† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The use of drugs remains to be a common phenomenon in America. Lloyd D. Johnson et al in their seminal book Drug Use among American High School Seniors, College Students and young Adults, 1975- 1990 point out the fact that the use of alcohol and cigarette start at the school level. He establishes that the use of illicit drugs is initiated by sixth grade among the students. He asserts that 19% of students in sixth grade use cigarette and 11% use alcohol. With regard to the use of the drugs like marijuana and inhalants, the rate is 2.8% among the students at the grade sixth. When the students reach the 9th grade, the rate is increased to a greater level (Johnston et al., 1991, p. 9). Drugs, sex and violence are closely related to the media that focus these elements. A study was carried out by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman of Iowa University, in which they could analyze the involvement of media and the violence of children. They found out that children and youth who play violent video games are prone to show aggressive behavior towards others. The exposure of

Translation Approaches Essay Example for Free

Translation Approaches Essay The development of trade and industry has always given rise to changes in the evolution of communities, bringing about new social forms and stratification of society. This in its turn accelerated the appearance of businesses and factories, arrival of new professions, and urbanization. Since the times of Perestroika (which was started in 1989 by Mikhail Gorbatchev) Russian society has been experiencing dramatic changes that affected the countrys politics, economy and social life. In the past 15 years peoples attitudes to certain things have changed gradually but profoundly. We have gotten so used to these new attitudes that its hard to believe it hasnt always been like this. With the arrival of the 21st century we have experienced changes in the economic, legal, technological and other areas which affect our everyday lives. Social changes entail linguistic transformations. Russians in their everyday life got used to certain terms to the point that they no longer consider them terms—ATM machine (Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚); deposit (Ð ´Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚); account (Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚); contract (Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚); download (Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); etc. The terminology of international development is constantly evolving as new socioeconomic concepts emerge. In over 10 years the writer has witnessed the appearance of a number of neologisms, either entirely new terms or established terms used with a different meaning 1. In different societies this process may take different directions depending on the needs and wants of its people. In Russian society an explosive growth of terms pertaining to the economic and computer areas can be observed. Russians largely borrow these terms from the languages of countries with a longer capitalistic and technological tradition (like the USA, for example), thus bringing English words and expressions into the language. Though some of these borrowings have corresponding equivalents in Russian, the English terms are being extensively used by the population, as further evidence of the social changes that have taken place in the country (a similar process would have been inconceivable in the cold war period). Translation is undoubtedly a social phenomenon. Translators choices are influenced not only by the source language text and the peculiarities of the target audience, but also by the era to which the translator belongs—in translating for the modern reader it is necessary to take into consideration creative traditions, literary norms and conventions that are familiar to the reader of a certain society. Nowadays, due to various political changes and dynamic economic and technological growth, the Russian language has acquired numerous terms, which very quickly migrate from the class of neologisms to the category of familiar and frequently used words. Few of these words (computer terms, for example) do not possess the corresponding equivalent in Russian; many of them do have a Russian (very often explanatory) equivalent. For instance, such nouns as brand, merger, summit, default, deposit, site, spam, tuner, web surfing and adjectives as local, creative, top have equivalents in Russian, but the new foreign word is usually preferred (the tendency as a rule is started by the mass media). this may be explained by the fact that a borrowing often has a semantic compactness, whereas a Russian equivalent has a descriptive character—in some cases a whole sentence must be used. So translators have to deal with the problem of either choosing a popular borrowing or go with the equivalent already existing in the language. Translators of a new generation prefer not to translate so-called Americanisms and foreign food names, as they are familiar to people of all countries, and the translator no longer has the absolute need to always find a translation of a term in the target language if this would make the target-language text lose credibility. This is called excessive translation. An excessive translation is a translation that fails to foreignise/exoticise, i. e. , use source-language terms in the target-language text, to the degree that is now acceptable2. Those educated in the 60s, 50s and earlier strongly believe that foreign equivalents should be avoided, especially when a corresponding term or notion exists in the language: In very rare cases, only when its absolutely necessary for the narration of a character to use a foreign word, a Russian equivalent is always better and more appropriate. This holds true for newspapers and journals, and is hundredfold more important in fiction. 3 Certainly appearing of new criteria to what should be called an adequate translation affected the translation of fiction. Thats why new translations of novels already translated into Russian appeared recently. The most popular ones are the translations of F. S. Fitzgeralds novels The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night. The general tendency is a frequent use of anglicisms in the TL, even though they are not present in the text of the original: Now it has become a summer resort of notable and fashionable people; in 1925 it was almost deserted after its English clientele went north in April; only the cupolas of dozen old villas rotted like water lilies among the massed pines4. The phrase a summer resort of notable and fashionable people in Russian corresponds to many various bungalows have been built (Ð ­Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ã' Ã µÃ ¹Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ³Ã °Ã »Ã ¾). For no obvious reason, the translator uses a nowadays fashionable world bungalow, which is not even present in the original English text. Other examples might include the following translating inconsistencies (fraternity was translated into Russian translation by the equivalent of student corporations; market umbrella was translated as huge tent). In all cases Russian equivalents could be used (as were in the previous translation by E. D. Kalashnikova). There is also a number of colloquial words and expressions unnecessarily used in the new translation: cafe is translated as kafeshka (a diminutive form for cafe); specious reasoning is translated as tufta (a colloquial word, meaning malarkey, crap); horse-trader as torgash (a derisive synonym of merchant, could be translated as torgovets or, as it was in Kalashinkovas version, barishnik); worlds bazaar received an equivalent of world market (it sounded so much nicer in Kalashnikovas translation as lifes fair—jarmarka zhizni). The only positive trend in the new translation philosophy is that, instead of generalizing or omitting certain notions (which didnt exist in the Soviet society), the exact specific equivalent can be used: terrier is now present in the Russian language, although in the first translation it had to be translated as little dog (pjosik); cauliflower had to be translated as cabbage. The use of these nouns is possible thanks to the economic transformations on the Russian market, not because of a translators talent. First translations of the novels that werent published in Russia before due to a number of reasons, for example, explicit descriptions of sexuality, have also appeared. John Updikes novels, known for his pointillist style5 filled with sharp realistic descriptions, have just recently become available to the Russian reader. On the whole, the artistic qualities of Updikes style are not lost in these translations. However, certain translating choices are not very clear mostly due to the fact that the effect produced by the original is not the same as the one produced by the translation. In Rabbit, Run, Updikes most famous novel, there are instances when women characters appear less appealing in Russian than in the original. Rabbits wife, who, being compared to his mistress, is described as mysterious, an opaque and virginal wife6 in Russian turned into an incomprehensible, sullen and indifferent boulder7 (Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã'€Ã'ŽÐ ¼Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ³Ã »Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ¹)—clearly, the translator is taking the mistresss side in this situation. The same mistress, when Rabbit is thinking about returning to her, reasonably inquires How would you support me? . 8 In Russian this stylistically neutral phrase changes into a rude vulgar expression meaning On what a fig would you feed me? (Na kakie shishi ti budesh menja kormit)9. The references that we have about certain phenomena are not always taken into consideration. When describing the Springers the author remarks on some of their qualities, which are thoroughly meshed into the strategies of middle-class life. 10 In Russian strategies of middle-class life become petit bourgeois way of life11 (Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¶Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã · Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸)—an expression that has a very negative connotation for the Russian reader. Somehow, in other situations, rather emotional English equivalents are substituted by neutral Russian words. In the phrase The reason Fosnacht keeps getting Billy all this expensive crap is probably he feels guilty for leaving him12 the word crap which shows Rabbits negative and scornful attitude to the discussed problem is translated by the noun things (shtuki), in translation the whole communicative aim of this situation is lost. 13 Russian linguists, who assign great importance to the communicative function of the process of translation, are certainly concerned about the quality of the published translations. Maybe this is one of the reasons why so many articles devoted to the problems of Linguistic Pragmatics are being published. Linguistic Pragmatics underlines the necessity of interpreting the situation and analyzing the communicative possibilities of how it can be perceived by those involved in this communicative process, thus providing the basis for human interaction. The translation, viewed within the framework of Linguistic Pragmatics, concentrates not on the semantic meaning of the SL text, but on its communicative aim. Questions about translation quality push Applied Linguistics to a new stage of development (because it includes the science of translation). Arguments on how to treat numerous neologisms and borrowings arriving into the Russian language have revived the advancement of Lexicography—the science of dictionary compiling. Online dictionaries gain more significance for both specialists and amateur users. As online dictionaries can be regularly updated, their users wont have to deal with the problem of outdated vocabulary, which will still exist in the database, but with the necessary markers. Specialized vocabulary is duly marked and all the possible combinations are represented in the database, for e. g. the noun balance has many meanings pertaining to different spheres such as aviation, automobile industry, banking, biology, mining, bookkeeping, etc. , but hyperlinks take users to the needed meaning in seconds. Therefore in the 21st century, when effective communication has become the center of our professional lives, the importance of finding better ways of translating is increasing. Due to globalization and establishment of transnational corporations, new criteria appear of what can be regarded as an adequate translation. Introducing neologisms and borrowings into translation of articles from magazines and scientific journals might be viewed as a modern and open-minded approach; however translators should be extremely careful about not overloading fiction with unnecessary foreign expressions. It is important to remember at whom the translation is targeted and what communicative effect it is supposed to produce. The debates about what can be considered an equivalent translation give rise to a new stage of development of Applied Linguistics and other linguistic sciences, which are becoming more and more concerned about achieving communicative excellence in the modern world. Formation of English Neologisms Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. The use of word-formative means (suffixes, prefixes, composition). Among the most productive neologism-formative suffixes are –ian, -ation: Ballistician – Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ µ ( as musician, physician, etc); Commodification – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ ³ Ð ² Ð ºÃ °Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ¹ ( as simplification). Other productive neologism-formative suffixes are: -ship brinkmanship – Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹; craftsmanship – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã' Ã'‹; showmanship – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ °Ã ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€ Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã ¼; Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ·Ã ° -dom bangdom – Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼; bogdom – Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã º; suckerdom Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã ´Ã µÃ'† -ize  itemize – Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ºÃ'‚Ð °Ã ¼; institutionalize – Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; unionize – Ð ±Ã'‹Ã' ‚Ã'Å' Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'„Ã' Ã ¾Ã'ŽÐ ·Ã ° Neologisms formed via composition are constantly appearing in the English language as well: Laptop (= notebook) – Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã'… Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µ Ð ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ½Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °); Know-how – Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'Æ'-Ã'…Ð °Ã'Æ', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' ; Stay-in – Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã ºÃ µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; Sit-in – Ã' Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °; Buy-in –Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ° (Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ·Ã ° Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã'†Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¶Ã µ); Shut-down – Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ, Ð »Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  (Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °); Brain-drain – Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²; Has-been – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ. Here the challenge for a translator is to preserve the style of a news headline and at the same time give an adequate russian variant of a headline: â€Å"Russia: the brain-drain drains technological progress† – â€Å"Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã'  : Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 2. Recomprehension of the existing words. It means that well-known words acquire new meanings. For example, the word summit which is frequently used in news headlines and is traditionally rendered into Russian Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °, Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'  Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° acquired the new meaning in the late 70-is: Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ¼ Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã µ, Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ². Here is another example. The medical term domino denotes an operation during which a surgeon transplants patient A with a heart and lungs of the donor who has died of brain hemorrhage, and patient B is transplanted with an old heart of patient A. This neologism emerged in the 80-s as a result of the re-comprehension of the word domino the game in which each die is divided into two equal parts. The basic meaning of the word colour-blind is Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °, Ð ´Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. In the last quarter of the 20-th century it acquired the new meaning – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¸ Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ (Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹) Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ¶Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¸. The word shuttle originated as Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã º (Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÐ ²Ã µÃ ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã'‹). Via recomprehension of its original meaning it acquired several new ones: Ð ºÃ ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã »Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  (shuttle spaceship); Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'†, Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ·Ã ° Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã µÃ ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µ Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã µ (shuttle trader). A big amount of neologisms formed in this way have appeared in computer terminology: Web – Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã °Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ° (ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚); Mouse – Ð ¼Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Å'; Site – Ã' Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚ (Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ² ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ); Browser – Ð ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ³Ã ». to browse – Ð ±Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); Serve – Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ to serve – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã' Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'). When making a translation of a news headline containing a neologism formed by means of recomprehension it is recommended either to keep to the method of descriptive translation or give the transliteration of the neologism with the following explanation which as a rule is to be found in the beginning of the article : â€Å"The country’s fifth domino was carried out in Arizona† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð µ Ð Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'   «Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «Sunday Times »). (The set-out of the russian variant reads: ДÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã » Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð °Ã º Ã'Æ'Ð ¶ Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾. ОÐ ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ´Ã ºÃ µ Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ², Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Ð  Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¸ Ð »Ã µÃ ³Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °, Ð ° Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Б Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ). 3. Abbreviations and acronyms. Here are the abbreviations most widely used in news headlines: S. W. I. F. T. – The Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications; TCB – take care of business – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã '‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã µ; Benelux – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg – БÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ºÃ' ; CCFF – Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility. (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ'…Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸ Ã'‡Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð °Ã ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' , Ð ¡Ã ¡Ã ¤Ã ¤); CPI – Consumer Price Index (ИÐ ½Ã ´Ã µÃ ºÃ'  ПÐ ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ð ¦Ã µÃ ½, ИПÐ ¦); EFTA – European Free Trade Association (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð Ã' Ã' Ã ¾Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¢Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã ¸, ЕÐ Ã ¡Ã ¢); EMS – European Monetary System (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã °, ЕВÐ ¡); IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º Ð  Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ à   Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , Ð’Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º); IMF – International Monetary Fund (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¤Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´, ÐÅ"Ð’Ð ¤); OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ­Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ð  Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , ОÐ ­Ã ¡Ã  ); SDR – Special Drawing Rights (Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ¡Ãâ€Ã  ); SNA – System of National Accounts (Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã ° Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã ², Ð ¡Ã Ã ¡); VER – Voluntary Export Restraints (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ºÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‚Ð °): â€Å"OECD board meeting takes place on Monday† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã µÃ ´ Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ² ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  ( «Business Week »). Semantic transformations are inescapable when dealing with news headlines. The incentive for it is a huge amount of the so called headline vocabulary in the English language, often referred to as headlinese, which demands certain modifications when making a translation. Here is a list of words from the  «headline slang »: ban, bid, claim, crash, cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz, rap, Red, rush, slash. These short words which can be easily inserted into a headline are characterized by a wide field of their use. Thus, bid is not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã ²Ã ºÃ °,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ °, but also Ã'ˆÐ °Ã ³,Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °, Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢; hit —not only Ð ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ'€Ð ±,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å',but Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾, Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'… ; pact — not only Ð ¿Ã °Ã ºÃ'‚,Ã' Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€, but Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ °, Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ã' Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; probe — not only Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ, but Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µ,Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ºÃ ° as well; quit —not only Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', but also Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °, Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; quiz — not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' ,but Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐ ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ·Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‹. It is important to point out that such words have already almost utterly replaced their synonyms in news headlines. Thus, ban taken the place of forbid and prohibit; rap — of criticize, reprimand, interrogate. Wide semantics of headline words demand context-conditioned transformations in the translation. In the majority of  cases concrete definition (hyponimic transformation) takes place in the Russian variant. The accurate sense of the headline is as usual revealed in the beginning of the article: Minebea Fous Trafalgar-Glen Bid(The Independent). Comp. The article’s outset : Minebea Corp, of Japan, the worlds largest maker of precision bearings, has foiled a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group, the Kyodo News Service reported Friday. Here the outset takes away the polysemy of the headline word replacing it by the corresponding equivalent which is included into the concretizing and defining context : Trafalgar-Glen Bid — a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group. In that way the translation may sound as follows: :ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' or ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Ž. Polysemic interprepretation of a news headline can also be conditioned by the use of certain syntactic constructions, nominal phrases in particular, which can be interpreted in different ways, for instance : Benn Blasts Tory Nuclear Cover-up. (The Times). It is impossible to translate the phrase Ð ¢Ã ¾rÃ'Æ' Nuclear Cover-up† without the context. Alternative versions are possible because of the bearing word of the phrase – cover up – derived from the phrasal verb to cover up Ã'‚Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾. But the main difficulty originates from the elliptic character of the whole phrase. The clue to the accurate interpretation of the phrase lies in the article’s outset : Labour MP Ð ¢Ã ¾nÃ'Æ' Benn last night accused the government of totally misleadingthe British people about nuclear power. Thus, cover-up means here not merely â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ , but also â€Å"Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , and the omitted element in the nominal phrase above is power (Tory nuclear cover-up—Tory nuclear power cover-up). The following variants of translation are possible: БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸ or БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸. In the instance above the main difficulty connected with the interpretation of the nominal phrase is determined by its elliptic structure. In the following news headline elliptic structure is combined with the polysemy of semantic relations between the phrase components: â€Å"Power Station Action Starts Today (â€Å"The Times†). In this case power station can be realated to action as : 1) the agent, 2) the object, 3) the adverbial modifier of place. What is more, the phrase might be supposed to be characterized by semantic incompletness. The answers to these questions are to be found in the set-out: Todays Start of national industrial action in Britains power stations forms the background to the biennial Conferences of the electricians union in Scarborough. Hence power station is related to action as an adverbial modifier and the element omitted is the word combination industrial action Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °. Thus the Russian variants may be as follows: Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ½Ã ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã'…Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‚. It is important to notice the essential difference between Russian and English news headlines. This difference mainly denotes the extent to which the article contents are reflected in the headline. The authors of the British and American news article keep to the following principle when creating headlines: : Headlines should tell the story†. Thus a headline is the compressed to the limit variant of the main text :Dusseldorfs State Gallery Proves a Mausoleum for Mummified Modernism; First Chicago Bank Says Profit Rose 58% for Initial Period. (The Sun). The Russian news headlines are based on a different principle: as a rule they place an emphasis on one element of the text contents – â€Å"Ðâ€"Ð °Ã'…Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ·Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «Ãâ€™Ã µÃ'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ ÐÅ"Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã º) » . In such cases additional information is required because the method of literal translation does not guarantee an adequate English variant. Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. Inversion. This transformation is demanded by a fixed word order in the English sentence. It is often conditioned on the degree of compatibility freedom in both languages : â€Å"Most favoured nation trading status† – â€Å"Ð ¡Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'  Ð ½Ã °Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «The Economist »). Polynomial word combinations which are frequently used for creating news headlines in the British and American periodicals often include attributes which represent a full sentence: â€Å"The no-room-at-the-inn incident† – â€Å"ИÐ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚, Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚ Ð ² Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «The Sun »). The principle of the translation of such news headlines includes the following steps : 1. To figure out the bearing word; 2. To select semantic groups; 3. To make a t ranslation starting with the bearing word. 2. The replacement of parts of speech or parts of a sentence. In some cases the replacement of certain parts of speech or members of sentence is required in order to achieve adequate translation: â€Å"Bill Clinton faces bypass operation † – â€Å"БÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã'Æ' КÐ »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'Æ' Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'ˆÃ'Æ'Ð ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"International Herald Tribune†). It is the syntactical and semantic transformation that the sentence undergoes in the above case – the definite clause is replaced by the indefinite one due to the peculiarities of the Russian language. Thus, the simple predicate faces in the English headline is substituted for the complex verbal predicate Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ in the Russian variant. 3. Word addition is required in order to clear up the meaning of a headline and deliver adequate translation: â€Å"For Bush it’s the man (not a detailed plan) that matters† – â€Å"ДÐ »Ã'  БÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ° Ð ²Ã °Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã »Ã °Ã ½, Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  ( «International Herald Tribune »). The laconism of the English language allows to omit the subordinate clause we add to the Russian variant without any significant changes in the meaning. As one can observe, apart from the method of word addition the method of inversion is also used in this case. Another example is:  «Feel the hate, fear and loathing in New York »  «ÃÅ¸Ã ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ, Ã'†Ð °Ã'€Ã' Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð Ã'Å'Ã'Ž-ЙÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune »); â€Å"U. S. reservist convicted over abuse in Iraqi prison† – â€Å"Ð Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ ½ Ð ·Ã ° Ð ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ¸Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ã'ŽÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 4.  Literal translation can take place in case of the similarity of the syntactical structure and word order in the English and the Russian sentence. In this case the English news h eadline may be rendered into Russian without any significant changes. Here it is possible to omit an article or any other functional word or to change the semantic character of a word. Literal translation should not be mixed with a word-for-word translation which always leads to a mistake. Exampler of the use of literal translation method:  «Lebanon extends term of its president »  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã µÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð °Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms. The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1) The structure of news headlines often includes free word combinations. Thus, their peculiarities are worth considering when translating a headline. In free word combinations words preserve their meanings. That is why when translating a free word combination it is necessary to know the translation of each of its components. In case there are no corresponding linguistic items in the Russian language to the English ones the translation method to be used is called replication. Replication means that all the components of a word combination are rendered without any changes. Thanks to the method of replication there is a huge amount of international notions which are widely used in news headlines: †¢ Shuttle diplomacy Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ´Ã ¸Ã ¿Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' ; †¢ Vicious circle – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ºÃ'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³; †¢ Head of the government – Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ²Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Free economic zone – Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °; †¢ Maldistribution of costs – Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚; †¢ Jobless rate – Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹:  «Jobless rate tips lower in France » –  «Ãâ€™Ã ¾ Ð ¤Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹.  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). It should be noted however that replication does not mean mere mechanical rendering of the meanings of a free word combination components. These components often stay in complicated relationships with each other. Even the most simple attributive groups which coincide in their structure with the Russian combinations â€Å"Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ+Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (A+N: Adjective+Noun) can be difficult to translate because: 1. An English word (adjective in the function of an attribute) can be translated in different ways depending on the meaning of a noun that follows: †¢ Public opinion – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ Public debt – Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³; †¢ Public scandal – Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ´Ã °Ã »:  «Public debt of Lybia increases by 2,8 % over 8 months » –  «Ãâ€œÃ ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³ ЛÐ ¸Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ð ·Ã ° 8 Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'†Ð µÃ ² Ð ½Ã ° 2,8 %  » ( «The Economist »). 2. The Russian variant bears a preposition: †¢ Europian securiy – Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ; †¢ Stateless citizen – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Terrorist trial – Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´ Ð ½Ã °Ã ´ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸; †¢ Commercial revolution – Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'„Ð µÃ'€Ð µ Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ½Ã ºÃ °: „Who is to be responsible for European Security? â€Å" – „КÃ'‚Ð ¾ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ? â€Å"(„The Timesâ€Å"). 3. Components of an attributive group are shifted: †¢ Working expectancy – Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸; †¢ Administrative efficiency – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾:  «Crisis overcome due to administrative efficiency »  «Ãâ€˜Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã'€Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). 2)News headlines can be well characterized by the frequent use of phraseological units. Phraseological units are more or less stable word combinations the meaning of which is determined by the whole unit but not by the meanings of each of its components: †¢ It’s high time – Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °; †¢ Take your time – Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å'; †¢ Help yourself – Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å':  «A new delicious production of â€Å"Kaligula†: theatrical epicures, please help yourself »  «Ã Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'‹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °  «ÃÅ¡Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'‹Â » Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã'‚Ð µÃ °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã‚ » ( «The Daily Telegraph »). British and American news headlines are rich in both figurative and non-figurative phraseological units. Non-figurative phraseological units are also called fraseological combinations. The components in them preserve their meanings but combine with certain words only, that is why it is impossible to change them ad arbitruim: †¢ To take measures – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã'‹; †¢ To make a decision – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ To achieve results – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²; †¢ To pay attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ); †¢ To draw attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã'‡Ã'Å'Ð µ-Ã'‚Ð ¾):  «Troops start storming school in Beslan – who makes decision?  » –  «ÃÅ¡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã » Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼ Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'‹ Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µ?  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). The translation of non-figurative phraseological expressions into Russian can be carried out in two different ways: The 1st method – the expression is rendered into one Russian word: †¢ To take a risk – Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To have a rest – Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'…Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To take offence – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; †¢ To take a nap – Ð ²Ã ·Ã ´Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å':  «Does NTT general director take big risks?  »  «Ã ¡Ã µÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ·Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð »Ã ¸ Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ³Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã'€ Ð ­Ã ½-Ã'‚Ð ¸-Ã'‚Ð ¸?  » ( «The Times†). The 2d method – a phraseological unit is rendered into equivalent combinations (absolute and relative): a) absolute equivalents: o shadow cabinet – Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚; o to hit the target – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'; o golden share – Ð ·Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð °Ã ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã' ; o to put an end to – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'†, Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'; o the root of the trouble – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °; o to read between lines – Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ' Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º: â€Å"Terrorism – where root of trouble to be found† – â€Å"Ð ¢Ã µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ – Ð ² Ã'‡Ð µÃ ¼ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °? † ( «International Herald Tribune »). b) relative equivalents: o to take into account – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to make a point – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to jump at conclusions – Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'ˆÐ ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‹; o moment of silence – Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‡Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o ups-and-downs – Ð ²Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o at the worlds end – Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'Ž Ã' Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °; o think tank – Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'€; o token strike – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °:  «Ups-and-downs of Rolex: brief outlook on history »  «Ãâ€™Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð  Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °: Ð ²Ã ·Ã ³Ã »Ã' Ã ´ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¸Ã‚ » ( «Business Week »). All in all, to whatever extent the components of a phraseological unit might be semantically connected, the main rule when making a translation is to observe the norms of the Russian language and avoid literal translation and violation of the Russian set expressions. Figurative phraseological units are also known as idioms. Idioms can be often found in news headlines as well. An idiom is a set  expression (conversational formula) the meaning of which does not arise from the sum of its components meanings: o through thick and thin –Ð ²Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ±Ã'‹ Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ¸ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã »Ã ¾; o tooth and nail – Ð ½Ã µ Ð ¶Ã °Ã »Ã µÃ'  Ã' Ã ¸Ã », Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ °Ã ²Ã °; o its raining cats and dogs – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ´Ã'Å' Ð »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ¸Ã · Ð ²Ã µÃ ´Ã'€Ð °; o to be caught red-handed Ð ±Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' :  «US guardsman caught red-handed »  «Ã Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ » ( «International Herald Tribune »). When translating idioms one ought to use their Russi an equivalents.

The Management Skills Of A Farm Manager Management Essay

The Management Skills Of A Farm Manager Management Essay My position for this assignment is as a farm manager. Farm management deals with the organization operation of a farm with the objective of maximizing profits from the farm business on a continuing basis. The farm manager needs to adjust his farm organization from year to year to keep abreast of changes in methods, price variability resources available to him.   Topic 1.   Management skills As a farm manager I discussed leadership as management skills. Leadership means knowing when to lead and when to allow others to lead. Farm managers are employed by farm owners or tenants to make sure the farm runs efficiently and profitably. They may run a whole farm or just part of it, such as an arable (crops) unit. As a farm manager, you could work on one of three main types of farm livestock (animals), arable (crops) or mixed (animals and crops). Your work would depend partly on the type of farm, but could include: planning the running of the farm setting budget and production targets buying and selling animals or produce keeping financial records and records of livestock and/or crops Recruiting, training and supervising staff. Farm managers must know what crops will be profitable during a growing season based on factors such as disease, weather projections and market fluctuations in prices of domestic farm products, according to the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. They then must develop planting and harvesting schedules and supervise farm employees. Farm managers also must know how to apply fertilizer and pesticides to crops, or they must care for  animals  and lead breeding activities if they manage livestock farms. Farm management training programs teach students how to perform these many critical responsibilities. A farm leader is persistent in achieving the goal that will benefits others (as well as him- or herself). A farm leader is patient in their persistence; although the leader wants to achieve the goal as quickly as possible, the farm leader will not abandon the effort just because the goal is not achieved immediately. Instead, the leader will explore alternatives if one strategy did not lead to fulfilling the goal, a leader will look for another strategy. A farm leader develops their successor; no one will last forever but a person who is committed to the goal that benefits a group, will take steps to assure the group continues to strive for the goal even after the farm leadership has transferred to other people. Topic 2.   Strategic planning What are some of the basic questions to be addressed in a strategic plan?   Strategic planning is the formal consideration of an organizations future course. All strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions: What do we do? For whom do we do it? How do we excel? How might a manager facilitate strategic planning?  Ã‚  HINT Review the decision making process addressed earlier in the semester.   The preparatory phase of a strategic business plan of a farm manager relies on planning. The first phase of a strategic business plan include: Analysis of the current situation past year Business trends analysis Market analysis Competitive analysis Market segmentation Marketing-mix SWOT analysis Positioning analyzing perceptions Sources of information Marketing plan strategy objectives next year Marketing strategy Desired market segmentation Desired marketing-mix TOWS-based objectives as a result of the SWOT Position perceptual gaps Yearly sales forecast What are some of the similarities and some of the differences between strategic planning and the decision making process? Strategic planning is the process that clearly defines business objectives and assesses both the internal and external situation to formulate and implement the strategy, evaluate the progress, and make adjustments as necessary to stay on track. On the other hand decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes (cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice. Topic 3.   Information  management:   address the following questions.   Many of you are involved or will likely be involved in a business.   In one sentence, identify the type of business, such as an agricultural supply firm, or a grain farm, or a feedlot operation, or a food processing plant. As a farm manager I would like to involve in agricultural supply firm. What type of market and production information is needed to operate that type of business and where will that information be found?   Is the market and production information  likely to be public  or private?  Ã‚  How do you know it will be public or private information?   How does the answer to this question relate to the level of competition the business faces? (HINT:   consider and apply relevant economic theory to the business you are considering (characteristics of competition).)   The type of market and production information which is needed to operate aggrictural suppy farm is An  agricultural cooperative. It also known as a  farmers co-op, is a  cooperative  where  farmers  pool their resources in certain areas of activity. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between  agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually farming members, and  agricultural production cooperatives, where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly.[1]  Agricultural production cooperatives are relatively rare in the world, and known examples are limited to  collective farms  in  former socialist countries  and thekibbutzim  in Israel.  Worker cooperatives  provide an example of production cooperatives outside agriculture. The default meaning of  agricultural cooperative  in English is usually an agricultural  service  cooperative, which is the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives,  supply cooperative  and  marketing cooperative. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including  seeds,  fertilizers,  fuel, and  machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on  credit cooperatives  as a source of financing for both working capital and investments. Where will you find the information; that is, what type of sources willl you use  (e.g., government agencies, private firms, your own research)?   What type of data banks will you use?   Be sure to cite appropriate examples of data sources, such as government web sites. The information must be private. Topic  4.  Risk Management  Ã‚   Address the following questions in this  part of the  memo.  Ã‚   What risks or  uncertainties does or will your business face?   Why do you consider them risks or  uncertainties?   How did  you identify or recognize them?   How do you assess them or measure the amount of risk or uncertainty?   How do you prepare for them?   What is the rationale for your risk management decision? Consider the ideas on risk management presented in the Kay text. Risk can be described as  the uncertainty  or  the unknown  relating to an action or an activity. For example, the outcome of an action or event could be better than expected or less than expected. As a farm manger the risk or uncertainties the business face/ identify/ recognize and prepare are: Production/technical risk Price/market risk Financial risk Legal risk Personal risk Availability of labor Availability of capital Equipment breakdown Health of the business owner Natural disasters such as rain, drought, storms, floods, etc. Power outage following a storm or other natural disaster Natural event that damages your product, such as e-coli entering the food system Availability of transportation Changing government regulations Business activity or event that violates an environmental regulation Availability of a market in which to sell our product or service Topic 5.   Position description and performance review Farm manager Position description Farm managers raise animals, tend crops, plan strategies for maximum yield, organise farm administration, work machinery, organise associated businesses and manage staff. They need to have technical and practical competence, coupled with the ability to make sound business decisions. Farms are generally arable, dairy or livestock, run by management companies or single-owner farmers. Crops range from cereals, oil seed rape and potatoes to vegetables and salad crops. Livestock are usually pigs, cows or sheep. Farm managers must appreciate the need to satisfy regulations set by the  Department for Environment, Food Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (http://www.defra.gov.uk)  for safe, high-quality produce farmed in an environmentally sustainable manner. Typical work activities Farm managers are responsible for planning, organising and managing the activities of a farm to meet the objectives of the owner. Typical work activities include: planning finances and production to maintain farm progress against budgeted parameters; practical activities, e.g., driving tractors, operating machinery, feeding livestock, spraying fields, etc; marketing the farms products; buying supplies, such as fertiliser and seeds; arranging the maintenance and repair of farm buildings, machinery and equipment; planning activities for trainee staff, mentoring and monitoring them; maintaining and monitoring the quality of yield, whether livestock or arable crops; Work conditions An assistant or trainee farm manager can expect to start on around  £22,000 (salary data collected Sep 09). After two years training, salaries rise to around  £28,000. Experienced farm managers earn in the region of  £60,000. Senior posts, including those in a consultancy or advisory role, can pay in excess of  £70,000 (salary data collected Sep 09). Salaries are usually dependent on experience and the size of the farm. Other benefits usually include farm produce, a pension scheme and private health insurance. Continuing professional development (CPD), e.g., in crop management is now available. Farm managers may also have accommodation included as part of their salary package, and/or the use of a vehicle and phone. Entry requirements Previous hands-on farming experience and technical knowledge are as important as academic qualifications, and some employers may appoint candidates on the basis of their experience alone. However, a degree is greatly valued and most farm managers hold at least a degree or HND/Foundation degree in agriculture, or a related subject. In particular, the following subjects may improve your chances: agriculture; farm business management; crop management; horticulture; land/estate management; agricultural engineering. Training Lantra: The Sector Skills Council for the Environmental and Land-based Sector (http://www.lantra.co.uk)  runs a variety of regional and national courses. These include short courses at all levels, from training on specific kinds of equipment, such as chainsaws, through to assessing and validating NVQs up to level 5   a trainee assistant farm manager would be working towards NVQ Level 4 in the first instance. Career development Most beginners in farm management expect to start as an assistant or by managing an enterprise, such as a pig unit, depending on their interests. After that, experience can progress to more responsibility and management. Most farms now are focused on a single activity so, in order to gain a broad range of experience, a farm manager may move from one farm to another. Different areas of the country specialise in different types of production as the climate and soil Farm manager Performance reviews are often used as a tool for evaluating employee raises, potential layoffs, productivity metrics and  job  security. Therefore, farm manager job performance reviews naturally create stress on the part of the manager reviewing an employee and the employee being assessed. With farm manager review, planning and inclusion of detail, farm managers can create job performance reviews for their employees that foster increased productivity, ensure clarity of goals and simultaneously lower the stress of the review process.