African American Theater

African American Theater Presentation Dramatic exhibitions have been pervasive in numerous pieces of the world for an extensive stretch of time. These aesthetic exhibitions involve a few angles that think about a community’s perspective with respect to certain cultural components. African American auditorium is a normal case of emotional workmanship introductions that serve to feature on a society’s shortcomings and qualities (Rubin, 2000).Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on African American Theater explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More African American venue essentially originated from American theater which is accepted to be moderately new. The dark populace in America has fundamentally strived to guarantee that their emotional exhibitions get the necessary consideration. It is accepted that dark American entertainers wandered into the field as right on time as 1820, however their work never accomplished adequate acknowledgment (Hay, 2004). Dark cra ftsmen for the most part performed, made, and organized shows for crowds that were not so much dark. It is obvious that dark venue is right now confronting difficulties despite the fact that it is viewed as an amazingly changed field. Difficulties looked by African American Theater These difficulties happen through the different requirements looked by organizations that apparently make a solid effort to advance this type of craftsmanship. Most organizations that plan to advance dark exhibitions once in a while get by for quite a while, therefore, they close down for different reasons. For example, it is elusive such organizations utilizing dark members in all the phases of creation. In less difficult terms, the executives, makers, and entertainers are generally a blended parcel regarding their racial association. In any case, there is each motivation to express that African American auditorium has truly improved as prove by strengthened examinations between the past and the present (Hay, 2004). The African Groove Theater stands apart as one the main organizations to acknowledge African American theater. Through William Brown and Hewlett James, who were likewise originators of the organization, African Groove Theater offered dark entertainers an opportunity to feature their abilities. Dramatization of King Shot Away was displayed to a blended crowd in 1823, however white individuals were not delighted (Hay, 2004). They fundamentally restricted the possibility of an African American theater and even executed a few assaults that in the long run prompted its conclusion. The Sambo is a run of the mill appearance of racial issues during these periods and individuals of color despised such portrayals. During this period, white on-screen characters could perform cliché dark jobs by wearing dark countenances. White crowds commonly went to these exhibitions as a method of deriding the Africans (Rubin, 2000).Advertising Looking for research paper on craftsmanship and st ructure? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Black entertainers during this period likewise performed African American jobs in the exhibitions, however they clung to the predominant white thoughts regarding these specific jobs. For example, dark on-screen characters could wear dark faces in their exhibitions and they likewise subconsciously grasped racial portrayals that were generally performed by white craftsmen. The advancement of dark venue Black performance center is continually developing as prove by the excursion went as the years progressed. Dark venue had a greater effect in the 1930’s, particularly during the Harlem Renaissance (Hay, 2004). Grandison Lewis stands apart as the primary dark entertainer and writer to highlight on Broadway. Others included Loraine Hansberry and S. Ntozake who showed up later on. They conquered numerous difficulties that were intended to attack the movement of African American Theater. These specialists made a decent attempt as they could and their message was in the long run heard. The craftsmen at present deserve enough admiration among the dark populace for their endeavors. It is apparent that regardless of the difficulties, African American expressions have become dependable directs of diversion in America. Individuals of color in America have fundamentally repressed a few types of enslavement in the network and this can be ascribed to the African American Theater. They incorporate human rights issues, political issues, and private entanglements. Dark movies assumed an incredible job in changing the perspectives of the whole network towards individuals of color (Rubin, 2000). Aside from being denied a chance to impart drinks from a similar source to white individuals, African Americans couldn't without much of a stretch element on TV. Nonetheless, the constancy exemplified by dark entertainers guaranteed that they began including on TV without limitations fro m the general public. The stage, thusly, turned into a significant stage through which individuals of color communicated their distress, abuse, and different indecencies that were executed by white individuals. Acting turned into the key method of persevering through the torment that was caused on individuals of color by the White populace. Promoting We will compose a custom exploration paper test on African American Theater explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Black Theater Today, African American Theater is a center segment of American theater. Dark Theater essentially holds that the issues which are shared exude from human stories and that's it. This infers the social alliance and foundation that an individual has, doesn't make a difference since human conditions like love and battle are as a rule affecting everything. As it were these are general subjects that influence every single person. Be that as it may, these organizations require heaps of help so as to k eep up and support their significance in the general public. Some theater organizations have selected to guarantee that dark performance center lives until the end of time. This is done through supporting and instructing the specialists. The Ensemble Theater, situated in Houston, is a case of establishments that presently advance African American Theater. Urban performance center has likewise developed on the scene and it establishes a multi-billion dollar industry (Elam, 2000). Its appearance has been a thistle in the tissue for dark theater and its endurance. Urban venue thrives in light of the fact that dissimilar to dark theater, it has all the subsidizing and it comprises of less generalizations. Dark auditorium has made considerable progress, however numerous difficulties are as yet obvious. References Elam, J. (2000). African American Performance and Theater History: A Critical Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press Hay, S. (2004). African American Theatre:An Historical and Critical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Rubin, D. (2000). The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theater: The Americas. New York City: Routledge.Advertising Searching for research paper on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More

Evaluation of Canon’s Strategies Essay Example for Free

Assessment of Canon’s Strategies Essay The initial segment of this examination includes an assessment of the procedures utilized by Canon and the key variables for progress. So as to being this audit, it is first important to consider how the organization has acted as of late. Table 1 gave beneath gives a general audit of the organization’s execution lately. The information plainly recommends that Canon has gained striking ground toward creating piece of the overall industry, incomes and gainfulness. Notwithstanding paying off its obligation to resource proportion in 2008, the association additionally expanded its investor value to declare proportion. Table 1: Key Performance Indicators for Canon, 2004-2008 [pic] Data civility of: http://www. group. com/ir/yearly/2008/report2008. pdf Other markers of Canon’s achievement are given in Figures 1 and 2 beneath. These outlines give an audit of net deals and ROE/ROA for 2003-2007. Figure 1: Net Sales for CanonFigure 2: ROE/ROA for Canon Data politeness of: http://www. standard. com/ir/yearly/2007/report2007. pdf With the acknowledgment that Canon has performed so well lately, it is relevant to consider the particular territories which have proclaimed accomplishment for the association. A urgent survey of the case data gave on the association recommends that there are various appropriate methodology components which have been relevant to the accomplishment of the association. Specifically the association has attempted to build up a crucial vision which it has joined on all degrees of its activities. The improvement of a directing crucial the association is fundamental for progress (Henry 2007). Missions give the establishment to the advancement of noteworthy procedures which can be utilized for pushing the association toward explicit objectives (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). Notwithstanding building up a crucial vision which gave the association an order for activity, Canon additionally built up a firm technique concentrated on feasible objectives for tasks. In particular, the association set the particular objective of acquiring 30 percent of the world market by the 1980s. Research with respect to the ebb and flow condition of accomplishing this target recommends that despite the fact that Canon has not had the option to keep up a 30 percent piece of the pie in the business, it has beaten contender Xerox to turn out to be second just to Hewlett Packard. Figure 3 beneath gives a survey of worldwide piece of the overall industry for organizations contending in Canon’s industry. Figure 3: Global Market Share for Canon and Competitors [pic] (Data graciousness of â€Å"Office gadgets industry profile,† 2008, p. 12) The attention on a particular objective for the association has obviously affected results for tasks. By utilizing this particular objective for advancement, Canon has had the option to set clear, quantifiable goals which can be assessed by the association to decide results. Defining quantifiable objectives is a significant part of building up a vital arrangement for the association (Huang, 2009). Quantifiable objectives are seen as fundamental to the effective execution of a key arrangement which gives critical outcomes to the continuous advancement of the association. Another issue which seems to have had outstanding ramifications for the effective improvement of Canon is the utilization of explicit center skills to guarantee the results of activities. Notwithstanding building up a vital arrangement which gave clear and quantifiable targets, the association outlined explicit center skills which it has had the option to upgrade so as to organize its vital goal and accomplish its objectives. A survey of what has been noted in regards to the utilization of center skills proposes that center capabilities can give the association the capacity to center advancement specifically regions (Zook, 2007). This procedure, thus, makes way for the advancement of the board practice and shapes how the association moves toward the market and its rivals. Collis and Montgomery (2008) give an increasingly vital audit of center skills taking note of the significance of survey expected center abilities with regards to the outside condition in which an association contends. As announced by these creators, associations need to consider the outer condition and rivals in creating center capabilities. While it is clear that center abilities must fulfill the inward needs and capacities of the association, Collis and Montgomery attest that ill-advised arrangement of center skills considering contenders and the bigger business in which the association works will bring about disappointment of center capabilities to be compelling. In building up its center abilities, Canon seems to have thought about these issues. The particular results around there are seen by the way that during the 1970s, Xerox held a greater part piece of the pie, which it has in this manner lost to Canon. During the 1970s, Canon perceived that the recipe for progress being utilized by Xerox was not a similar equation which it needed to seek after in the advancement of its association. In this specific circumstance, Canon decided to seek after an alternate pathway for serious turn of events; one which empowered the organization to integrate its interior capacities with the market condition to make a one of a kind upper hand against its biggest adversary. As a result of this procedure of creating specific center skills for activities, Canon had the option to amplify its inward abilities and utilize this as a vital bit of leeway in the commercial center. In summing up the general methodology utilized by Canon to build up its vital arrangement and resulting the board forms, it appears to be sensible to contend that Canon accomplished something other than place words on paper to set up an establishment for the association. Or maybe, the association built up a far reaching plan for vision, technique and advancement which were actualized on each degree of the organization’s activities. Notwithstanding depicting the bigger destinations for the association, Canon built up the entirety of the halfway advances that would be expected to accomplish these targets. In doing as such, the association adjusted the entirety of its exercises toward the accomplishment of the organization’s by and large procedure. The advancement of system as such is similar with what researchers note about the vital arranging and the board forms. Kaplan and Norton (2008) declare that the system arranging and advancement forms for the association regularly end in disappointment due to the powerlessness of the association to viably execute its procedure. Further, these creators declare that system disappointment is regular on account of execution issues which show as associations endeavor to make basic associations between methodology destinations and explicit results which will be accomplished to guarantee that goals are reached. Setting this data into the instance of Canon, it becomes clear that these issues didn't emerge. As opposed to battling to execute, the association created to apparatuses and assets expected to viably guarantee that it assembled an establishment which would empower achievement. It is this particular procedure which has empowered the accomplishment of Cannon. At the point when technique advancement is defined as something other than explicit words on paper the final product is the improvement of a key arrangement which gives solid activity steps to the association to take. With these activity steps set up, the association is better ready to control the improvement of the key arrangement and its usage (Neilson, Martin Powers, 2008). This component of control in the vital arranging process has been noted to be a significant supporter of the accomplishment of key execution. At the point when control is set up in the vital arranging process, the association can direct the particular changes which will happen and react to results in a way that is equivalent with the capacities of the organization and receptive to the particular outer condition which will affect the results of tasks. What Other Companies Can Learn With a fundamental survey of the accomplishment of Canon in the advancement of its methodology gave, it is currently conceivable to think about what, in the event that anything, can be taken in by different organizations from this case. In looking at the turn of events and results of Canon, it becomes clear that the particular conventions and practices which have been utilized by the association to make progress ought not be emulated by different organizations. Despite the fact that Canon has been very effective in its endeavors to build up its items and administrations, actually different organizations can't hope to utilize a similar recipe for progress and to accomplish similar results accomplished by Canon. Different organizations have endeavored to utilize this methodology in the pastâ€i. . Circuit City, K-Mart, and so forth. Despite the fact that imitating another association may give a few advantages for the time being, actually the results accomplished won't furnish an association with a drawn out establishment for advancement. Despite the fact that organizations looking at the instance of Canon will most likely be unable to utilize a similar explicit strategies utilized by the association, Canon employed various general models for vital arranging and advancement which could be considered by different associations. Specifically, the advancement of center abilities for activities is a significant instrument which different organizations could consider for progress. An assessment of models for the improvement of center skills in the association proposes that organizations need in the first place a center technique for the advancement of their activities. When this center methodology has been outlined, it is then conceivable to express explicit territories of hierarchical improvement by joining them straightforwardly deeply technique. Figure 4 on the accompanying page gives a conventional model of how center competency advancement for the association has been conceptualized in for

How to Use Essay Writing Samples For SBI Po For SCBA Qualification

How to Use Essay Writing Samples For SBI Po For SCBA QualificationIf you are thinking of applying for a SCBA qualification and would like to write an essay, then you may want to try using essay writing samples for SBI Po. The BSEE test is one of the UK qualifications that is of interest to the armed forces and includes elements of reasoning, writing, analysis and critical thinking.Many people who are looking to take a SCBA qualification will find that it is required that they write an essay or paper. This is because the BSEE qualification is used to test the applicants skills and abilities and to help assess them in terms of their ability to deal with being in a hazardous environment.There are many methods that are used by those that work in the SCBA industry in order to train themselves to write a paper. The best ones are essays that have been written using essay writing samples for SBI Po. These types of tests are not only very interesting but can also help to assess the individual 's level of ability.The SCBA qualification that is offered is a great thing for many reasons, but the main reason is that the person that is doing this qualification will have the skills to be able to work with dangerous situations. This enables them to know how to handle themselves when they are in a situation where they need to be able to get out of a situation without getting injured or worse.It is the process that is used to test the individual that is responsible for this SCBA qualification that is important. This involves completing essay writing samples for SBI Po, writing an essay that has been completed by a person who was given the essay writing samples for SBI Po, and then marking the essays to show the amount of problem solving ability to assess situations that may occur.There are many reasons why writing samples for SBI Po are so useful, but the main one is that it enables you to demonstrate the ability to get out of difficult situations and to be able to get yourself b ack into an appropriate position to continue with your job. This enables the person that takes this qualification to have a much greater chance of having a successful career and of obtaining higher levels of pay than those that do not.The first of the SCBA writing samples for SBI Po tests is a method that involves completing essay writing samples for SBI Po in a similar way as the previous one. Then you are asked to complete an essay that has been read by a supervisor and then you are given a form to fill in to indicate that you agree to be tested in that area.The essay that you are required to write is based on the content that is contained in the essay writing samples for SBI Po. This means that you are required to write an essay on the same topic as the sample in order to check the ability to write a persuasive essay.

How to Make Biodiesel From Vegetable Oil

Biodiesel is a diesel fuel that is made by reacting vegetable oil (cooking oil) with other common chemicals. Biodiesel may be used in any diesel automotive engine in its pure form or blended with petroleum-based diesel. No modifications are required, and the result is a less-expensive, renewable, clean-burning fuel. Heres how to make biodiesel from fresh oil. You can also make biodiesel from waste cooking oil, but that is a little more involved, so lets start with the basics. Materials for Making Biodiesel 1 liter of new vegetable oil (e.g., canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil)3.5 grams (0.12 ounces) sodium hydroxide (also known as lye). Sodium hydroxide is used for some drain cleaners. The label should state that the product contains sodium hydroxide (not calcium hypochlorite, which is found in many other drain cleaners).200 milliliters (6.8 fluid ounces) of methanol (methyl alcohol). Heet fuel treatment is methanol. Be sure the label says the product contains methanol (Iso-Heet, for example, contains isopropyl alcohol and wont work).Blender with a low-speed option. The pitcher for the blender is to be used only for making biodiesel. You want to use one made from glass, not plastic because the methanol you will use can react with plastic.Digital scale to accurately measure 3.5 grams, which equals 0.12 ouncesGlass container marked for 200 milliliters (6.8 fluid ounces). If you dont have a beaker, measure the volume using a measuring cup, pour it into a glass jar, then mark the fill-line on the outside of the jar.Glass or plastic container that is marked for 1 liter (1.1 quarts)Widemouthed glass or plastic container that will hold at least 1.5 liters (2-quart pitcher works well)Safety glasses, gloves, and an (optional) apron You do not want to get sodium hydroxide or methanol on your skin, nor do you want to breathe the vapors from either chemical. Both are toxic. Please read the warning labels on the containers for these products. Methanol is readily absorbed through your skin, so do not get it on your hands. Sodium hydroxide is caustic and will give you a chemical burn. Prepare your biodiesel in a well-ventilated area. If you spill either chemical on your skin, rinse it off immediately with water. How to Make Biodiesel You want to prepare the biodiesel in a room that is at least 70 degrees F because the chemical reaction will not proceed to completion if the temperature is too low.If you havent already, label all your containers as Toxic—Only Use for Making Biodiesel. You dont want anyone drinking your supplies, and you dont want to use the glassware for food again.Pour 200 milliliters methanol (Heet) into the glass blender pitcher.Turn the blender on its lowest setting and slowly add 3.5 grams sodium hydroxide (lye). This reaction produces sodium methoxide, which must be used right away or else it loses its effectiveness. (Like sodium hydroxide, it can be stored away from air/moisture, but that might not be practical for a home setup.)Mix the methanol and sodium hydroxide until the sodium hydroxide has completely dissolved (about 2 minutes), then add 1 liter of vegetable oil to this mixture.Continue blending this mixture (on low speed) for 20 to 30 minutes.Pour the mixture into a widemouthe d jar. You will see the liquid start to separate out into layers. The bottom layer will be glycerin. The top layer is biodiesel.Allow at least a couple of hours for the mixture to fully separate. You want to keep the top layer as your biodiesel fuel. If you like, you can keep the glycerin for other projects. You can either carefully pour off the biodiesel or use a pump or baster to pull the biodiesel off of the glycerin. Using Biodiesel Normally, you can use pure biodiesel or a mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel as a fuel in any unmodified diesel engine. There are two situations in which you definitely should mix biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel: If you are going to be running the engine at a temperature lower than 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees C), you should mix biodiesel with petroleum diesel. A 50:50 mixture will work in cold weather. Pure biodiesel will thicken and cloud at 55 degrees Fahrenheit, which could clog your fuel line and stop your engine. Pure petroleum diesel, in contrast, has a cloud point of -10 degrees Fahrenheit (-24 degrees C). The colder your conditions, the higher the percentage of petroleum diesel you will want to use. Above 55 degrees Fahrenheit, you can use pure biodiesel without any problem. Both types of diesel return to normal as soon as the temperature warms above their cloud point.You will want to use a mixture of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (called B20) if your engine has natural rubber seals or hoses. Pure biodiesel can degrade natural rubber, though B20 tends not to cause problems. If you have an older engine (which is where natural rubber parts are found), you could replace t he rubber with polymer parts and run pure biodiesel. Biodiesel Stability and Shelf Life You probably dont stop to think about it, but all fuels have a shelf life that depends on their chemical composition and storage conditions. The chemical stability of biodiesel depends on the oil from which it was derived. Biodiesel from oils that naturally contain the antioxidant tocopherol or vitamin E (e.g., rapeseed oil) remain usable longer than biodiesel from other types of vegetable oils. According to Jobwerx.com, stability is noticeably diminished after 10 days, and the fuel may be unusable after two months. Temperature also affects fuel stability in that excessive temperatures may denature the fuel.

Introduction to Gastropods

Essay A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective Citizenship

A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective Citizenship In Meno, Plato asks â€Å"what virtue itself is† (Plato 60). This dialogue on virtue between Socrates and Meno ably frames a wider dialogue on ethics between Thomas Hobbes, the Greek heroic tradition, and the sophists of 5th century Athens. Hobbes’ Leviathan and Aristophanes’ The Clouds introduce three classes of ethical actors to respond to Plato’s inquiry: Hobbes’ ethical lemmings, the heroic ethical traditionalists, and the sophist ethical opportunists. The Meno also helps capture the essence of contemporary discussion of the morality of desire and emotivism, as articulated by Roberto Mangabeira Unger in Knowledge and Politics and Alasdair MacIntyre in After Virtue. Finally, I will†¦show more content†¦MENO: †¦if you want the virtue of a man, it is easy to say that a man’s virtue consists of being able to†¦benefit his friends and harm his enemies and to be careful that no harm comes to himself. (60) To the extent that the morality of desire and emotivism hold true, objectivism finds no traction in ethics. These doctrines preclude the exclusion of the self in evaluation of questions of morality and ethics. Meno’s crude and self-interested model of virtue complements Unger and MacIntyre’s discussion of subjectivity. Subjectivism forms a cornerstone of Thomas Hobbes’ understanding of human nature. Hobbes describes reason as the â€Å"scout† (Hobbes 68) of the passions. In other words, reason is unable to control or transcend human passions, but serves only to carry out the ends selected by these passions. In the context of ethics, Hobbes believes that the influence of the passions renders useless the use of mathematical and authoritative â€Å"right reason† (46) in subjective matters of right and wrong, justice and injustice: †¦different constitutions of body and prejudices of opinion, gives everything a tincture of our different passions†¦ a man must take heed of words which†¦ have a signification also of the nature, disposition, and interest of the speaker: such are the names of virtues and vices†¦And therefore such names can never be true grounds of any ratiocination.

Work Life Balance In Singapore Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Work Life Balance In Singapore. Answer: Work life balance refers to the notion that promotes the proper division of the prioritization between the work and the lifestyle of a certain person (Burg-Brown, 2013). The ambitions and the career of a person may be collectively known as the work life of a person. The lifestyle of the person refers to the family life, the activities that bring about pleasure, the leisure times and most importantly the health of a person. According to Richmond and Rohlfing, (2013), the balance that needs to be maintained between the lifestyle and the work-life of a person is heavily dependent on the achievement and the enjoyment that the concerned person may get involved in. According to Rife and Hall, (2015), the employers should be able to promote the positive culture in the workplace so that the concerned employee may attain the balance between his or her lifestyle and the work-life of the concerned employee. This may be achieved by setting the flexibility of the working hours for the employees of the concern. According to a news article published by the news magnet BBC news, Singapore ranks as one of the worst countries of Asia in terms of the work life balance. The women in the country mostly end up with the decision of either having a family life or continuing with their work life. They maintain a stoic choice either the life of a mother and a caregiver or the life of a professional lady. The Singaporean governm ent has been encouraging the companies to employ more female employees within the organization as that has proven to be better for the growth of the businesses as well as supported the growth of the economy of the country. The younger generation of the country constitutes the employees who are keen to succeed in their work life and are ambitious in their life, but they do feel that it is difficult for them to start with their family life while they are employed in a place of work (Bbc.com, 2017). The work life balance among the employees may be achieved by promoting the flexibility in the working hours of the concerned job. The employers should promote the concept of working while being away from the work place. The employees should be allowed to work from a place of their own convenience whenever the concept may be applicable. The employees should be encouraged to utilize the time that they are allowed for their own vacation for the purposes of recovery from the stress that they experience at work. The organizations may thus help the employees to detach themselves from their work both psychologically and physically. The employees must be allowed to have breaks within their work day. The female employees of the organization should be allowed the leaves that they need due to maternity. They must also be granted leaves for parental as well the elderly care activities that they need to deliver at their residence. References Bbc.com. (2017).Asia tops global school rankings.BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-32608772 Burg-Brown, S. (2013). Work-life balance.Journal Of Property Management,78(4), 48-54. Richmond, G. L., Rohlfing, C. M. (2013). Work-Life Balance. Rife, A., Hall, R. (2015). Work-Life Balance.SIOP White Paper Series.

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Free Essays on The Development Of Gender Roles In Children

The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, with parents passing on many of the beliefs they have about gender roles. Children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. Through opportunities, encouragement and discouragement, obvious behaviors, covert suggestions, and various types of guidance, children experience the formation of their gender role socialization. It is hard for children to grow into adults without experiencing some form of gender bias or gender stereotyping, whether it be that boys are supposed to be tough or better at math, or that females can only play with dolls. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research states, â€Å"parents, especially fathers, tend to reward boys more than girls for displaying gender-congruent forms of play. They also tend to punish boys more harshly than girls for deviations from prescribed gender role norms† (McCreary 519). Often times this punishment is mental, with boys being teased by their fathers for acting like a â€Å"sissy,† or not being â€Å"tough.† A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the time they are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors and clothing, and giv... Free Essays on The Development Of Gender Roles In Children Free Essays on The Development Of Gender Roles In Children The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, with parents passing on many of the beliefs they have about gender roles. Children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. Through opportunities, encouragement and discouragement, obvious behaviors, covert suggestions, and various types of guidance, children experience the formation of their gender role socialization. It is hard for children to grow into adults without experiencing some form of gender bias or gender stereotyping, whether it be that boys are supposed to be tough or better at math, or that females can only play with dolls. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research states, â€Å"parents, especially fathers, tend to reward boys more than girls for displaying gender-congruent forms of play. They also tend to punish boys more harshly than girls for deviations from prescribed gender role norms† (McCreary 519). Often times this punishment is mental, with boys being teased by their fathers for acting like a â€Å"sissy,† or not being â€Å"tough.† A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the time they are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors and clothing, and giv...

International and Members of the International Court Essay

International and Members of the International Court - Essay Example The provision for the law is such that any culpable individual cannot escape the wrath. It is therefore still better if the US wants to take the initiative of subjecting the suspects to a trial. The sentiment of the Saudi government through their minister for defence can be lawfully interpreted as giving the suspects a feeling that either they are not responsible for the alleged crimes or that in the event that they are, then the US government has moral and legal authority to adjudicate on the matter. There may be no established structures within the US and Saudi government which clearly indicates the channel that should be pursued in such a case, and that it entirely depends on the goodwill of the Saudi government to surrender the suspect which in this case are their citizens to be tried in a foreign land. The prosecution in pursuit of the American system become appreciated on grounds that they are the complainant, just on this fact, they have the moral authority to try the suspects using their jury. On the other hand, the Saudi government may be right as giving another country a leeway to try citizens of your country is an act of surrendering sovereignty to foreigners. In the light of sovereignty, the Saudi government are legally in order to avert possible extradition of her citizens for a trial through a system they cast sufficient doubt in. the fact is even accentuated by the fact that no legal extradition arrangement exists between the two countries. In the event of extradition, it is legally proper that there should be a formal and effective arrangement that provides for a course of action in the event that such is necessary (Stanbrook, Ivor, and Clive 97).

Pornography and Interpersonal Relationships Essay

Pornography and Interpersonal Relationships - Essay Example However, porn poses a problem that affects both the personal well-being and the cultural being of a people. In the modern days, porn surrounds all people in many arrays. Porn is not just watched by the sexually deprived, but also healthy individuals and couples are engaging in watching. Many platforms are attributable to the greater rise in porn watching activities among many individuals. Even so, watching porn is not an attribute of high cases of rape. Rather, porn is turning men off women. The discoveries of self-methods of sexual satisfaction are serious attributes of breaking the relationships that exist between men and women. The generation of internet has facilitated the disposal of porn at people’s homes making it easy to access and watch. As much as porn is not the main cause of the social evils that exist in the today world, it provides a great portion. The negative effects of porn outdo the positive impacts to men, women, and couples. Pornography has created a lot of impact in most of the industries especially the entertainment industry. It has invaded the media and accelerated to many platforms due to the changing and advancement of technology. Pornography affects people negatively whether they watch it often or not. It is noted that porn affects men in many ways. Categorically, the case of Sarah’s boyfriend indicates that young men who get addicted to watching porn result neglecting their life duties. Such life deities include neglecting their relationship responsibilities and misuse of money by investing a great amount on the purchase of pornography materials. Porn may also lead to isolation of young men from the rest of their kind (Hall 146). For instance, as much as Sarah is described as a real woman with a great figure and an appetite for adventure, her boyfriend waits until she is asleep so that he can isolate himself and watch porn.

Kingdoms of Egypt and Nubia Essay Example for Free

Kingdoms of Egypt and Nubia Essay Historians once thought that the human race began with the white Greek and Romans. Present day archaeologists are telling us that the cradle of civilization is in the Nile Valley of Africa. Two rival kingdoms called Egypt and Nubia have much in common but they also have their unique differences. In my essay I will explore some of these similarities and differences. Egypt and Nubia were both ruled by monarchy, which shows that they had an advanced form of political organization. Archeologists findings show that the symbols of Nubian royalty are the same as those of Egyptian Kings. They believed that they were god-Kings and built large pyramids to spend eternity surrounded by there riches to keep them comfortable after death. The difference between the Egyptian and the Nubian monarchy is that the Egyptian monarchies were all male rulers but Nubians monarchies were both male and female and held power jointly. Egypt and Nubia both traded with other countries to acquire the goods they desired. Egypt had few natural resources but was involved in manufacturing glass, paper, perfume, cosmetics and fine linen fabric. Egypt wanted to trade these for the different products from Central Africa. Nubia had many natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper, frankincense, iron ore, hardwood timber, ostrich feathers, leopard skins and elephants. Nubia traded these along with their pottery and manufactured goods. The powerful, wealthy black Nubians Kings controlled the trade routes between central Africa and Egypt, which is one reason why Egypt eventually attacked and conquered Nubia. Egyptians and Nunians both believed in the god-Amun (the ram-head god). The Egyptians thought the silhouette of the mountain at Gebel Barkel looked like a cobras head which is a sign of royal power. They believed that the god-Amun lived there so they built a temple to him. Thus, its considered to be a sacred mountain, perhaps the holiest place in the Nile valley. It is where the pharaohs held their crowning ceremonies. The Nubians also believed the god-Amun lived in the mountain. When they conquered Egypt they called on the authority of the god-Amun. This was confirmed when archaeologists found a curving of a man making an offering to the god-Amun in the remains of a  large temple in Nubia. Both the Egyptians and the Nubians had a system of writing to record important events in their history. The Egyptians used picture writings called hieroglyphs that they curved on the temple walls and on tablets describing events in their lives. The Nubians used an alphabet called meroitic. Historians are hoping to understand this alphabet so that they will be able to read the Nubians writings and discover more about their culture. It is clear that the early African people were a politically organized, intelligent industrious, creative and civilized people worthy of our respect. Probably, due to racial prejudice, it was once thought that black Africans were not capable of producing high civilization. Nubia, the homeland of the earliest black culture may have been the home of the first human race on earth. Bibliography Edward Reynolds (1994) Focus on Africa: D.C. Health and company. CanadaWho are the Nubians? (Date N/A). Homestead. October 23, 2006. http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/nubians.htmlJamila, White. (1999). Black Kingdoms of the Nile episode 2. PBS. October 23, 2006http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi1/1_wondr4.htmJimmy Dunn (Copyright 1999-2003). The Yam of Egypts Old Kingdom. Tour Egypt. October 23, 2006. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/yam.htm

Overcoming Problems in The Alchemist Essay -- Paulo Coelho

Have you ever encountered problems while trying to fulfill a goal in your life? In the book The Alchemist, written by Paulo Coelho, a shepherd boy named Santiago overcomes obstacles to reach his personal legend. Throughout the book Santiago encounters many friends to help him fulfill his destiny. Santiago encounters many problems throughout the story. He overcomes them with the help of his friends and his wife-to-be. These problems shape Santiago into a dignified man of many traits. The first two obstacles that Santiago faces are that his father tells him he can not do something that he wants to do and that he wants to pursue his personal legend, but he does not want to hurt those that he loves. For example, Santiago’s father said, â€Å"The people who come here have a lot of money to spend, so they can afford to travel. Amongst us the only ones who can travel are shepherds.† Everyone is told by their parents and friends that everything we want to do is impossible. Since Santiago did not have money to spend to travel his only choice was then to become a shepherd to fulfill his desire. T...

Apple Case Study 1

Apple Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Opening Case III. Competitor Analysis IV. Sales Analysis V. Profitability Analysis VI. Cross Elasticity of Demand: Competitors v/s iPhone VII. Demand, Cost and Pricing VIII. Pure competition, Monopolistic Competition & Oligopoly IX. Conclusion X. References I. Introduction Apple Inc. (Apple) designs, manufactures and markets a range of personal computers, mobile communication and media devices, and portable digital music players, and sells a range of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. It's products and services include Macintosh (Mac) computers, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, Xserve, a portfolio of consumer and professional software applications, the Mac OS X and iOS operating systems, third-party digital content and applications through the iTunes Store, and a range of accessory, service and support offerings. The Company sells its products globally through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force and third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. As of September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the United States and 84 stores internationally. II. Opening Case: Apple reveals the iPhone MACWORLD SAN FRANCISCO—January 9, 2007—Apple ® today introduced iPhone, combining three products—a revolutionary mobile phone, a widescreen iPod ® with touch controls, and a breakthrough Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, searching and maps—into one small and lightweight handheld device. Phone introduces an entirely new user interface based on a large multi-touch display and pioneering new software, letting users control iPhone with just their fingers. iPhone also ushers in an era of software power and sophistication never before seen in a mobile device, which completely redefines what users can do on their mobile phones. â€Å"iPhone is a revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any other mobi le phone,† said Steve Jobs, Apple’s CEO. We are all born with the ultimate pointing device—our fingers—and iPhone uses them to create the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. † iPhone is a Revolutionary Mobile Phone iPhone is a revolutionary new mobile phone that allows users to make calls by simply pointing at a name or number. iPhone syncs all of your contacts from your PC, Mac ® or Internet service such as Yahoo! , so that you always have your full list of up-to-date contacts with you. In addition, you can easily construct a favorites list for your most frequently made calls, and easily merge calls together to create conference calls. iPhone’s pioneering Visual Voicemail, an industry first, lets users look at a listing of their voicemails, decide which messages to listen to, then go directly to those messages without listening to the prior messages. Just like email, iPhone’s Visual Voicemail enables users to immediately randomly access those messages that interest them most. Phone includes an SMS application with a full QWERTY soft keyboard to easily send and receive SMS messages in multiple sessions. When users need to type, iPhone presents them with an elegant touch keyboard which is predictive to prevent and correct mistakes, making it much easier and more efficient to use than the small plastic keyboards on many smartphones. iPhone also includes a calendar application that allows calendars to be automatically synced with your PC or Mac. iPhone fea tures a 2 megapixel camera and a photo management application that is far beyond anything on a phone today. Users can browse their photo library, which can be easily synced from their PC or Mac, with just a flick of a finger and easily choose a photo for their wallpaper or to include in an email. iPhone is a quad-band GSM phone which also features EDGE and Wi-Fi wireless technologies for data networking. Apple has chosen Cingular, the best and most popular carrier in the US with over 58 million subscribers, to be Apple’s exclusive carrier partner for iPhone in the US. iPhone is a Widescreen iPod Phone is a widescreen iPod with touch controls that lets music lovers â€Å"touch† their music by easily scrolling through entire lists of songs, artists, albums and playlists with just a flick of a finger. Album artwork is stunningly presented on iPhone’s large and vibrant display. iPhone also features Cover Flow, Apple’s amazing way to browse your music library by album cover artwork, for the first time on an iPod. When navigating your music library on iPhone, you are automatically switched into Cover Flow by simply rotating iPhone into its landscape position. Phone’s stunning 3. 5-inch widescreen display offers the ultimate way to watch TV shows and movies on a pocketable device, with touch controls for play-pause, chapter forward-backward and volume. iPhone plays the same videos purchased from the online iTunes ® Store that users enjoy watching on their computers and iPods, and will soon enjoy watching on their widescreen televisions using the new Apple TVâ„ ¢. The iTunes Store now offers over 350 television shows, over 250 feature films and over 5,000 music videos. Phone lets users enjoy all their iPod content, including music, audiobooks, audio podcasts, video podcasts, music videos, television shows and movies. iPhone syncs content from a user’s iTunes library on their PC or Mac, and can play any music or video content they have purchased from the online iTunes store. iPhone is a Breakthrough Internet Communications Device iPhone features a rich HTML email client which fetches your email in the background from most POP3 or IMAP mail services and displays photos and graphics right along with the text. Phone is fully multi-tasking, so you can be reading a web page while downloading your email in the background. Yahoo! Mail, the world’s largest email service with over 250 million users, is offering a new free â€Å"push† IMAP email service to all iPhone users that automatically pushes new email to a user’s iPhone, and can be set up by simply entering your Yahoo! name and password. iPhone will also work with most industry standard IMAP and POP based email services, such as Microsoft Exchange, Apple . Mac Mail, AOL Mail, Google Gmail and most ISP mail services. iPhone also features the most advanced and fun-to-use web browser on a portable device with a version of its award-winning Safariâ„ ¢ web browser for iPhone. Users can see any web page the way it was designed to be seen, and then easily zoom in to expand any section by simply tapping on iPhone’s multi-touch display with their finger. Users can surf the web from just about anywhere over Wi-Fi or EDGE, and can automatically sync their bookmarks from their PC or Mac. Phone’s Safari web browser also includes built-in Google Search and Yahoo! Search so users can instantly search for information on their iPhone just like they do on their computer. iPhone also includes Google Maps, featuring Google’s groundbreaking maps service and iPhone’s amazing maps application, offering the best maps experience by far on any pocket device. Users can view maps, satellite images, traffic information and get direct ions, all from iPhone’s remarkable and easy-to-use touch interface. iPhone’s Advanced Sensors Phone employs advanced built-in sensors—an accelerometer, a proximity sensor and an ambient light sensor—that automatically enhance the user experience and extend battery life. iPhone’s built-in accelerometer detects when the user has rotated the device from portrait to landscape, then automatically changes the contents of the display accordingly, with users immediately seeing the entire width of a web page, or a photo in its proper landscape aspect ratio. iPhone’s built-in proximity sensor detects when you lift iPhone to your ear and immediately turns off the display to save power and prevent inadvertent touches until iPhone is moved away. Phone’s built-in ambient light sensor automatically adjusts the display’s brightness to the appropriate level for the current ambient light, thereby enhancing the user experience and saving power at the same time. Pricing ; Availability iPhone will be available in the US in June 2007, Europe in late 2007, and Asia in 2008, in a 4GB model for $499 (US) and an 8GB model for $599 (US), and will work with either a PC or Mac. iPhone will be sold in the US through Apple’s retail and online stores, and through Cingular’s retail and online stores. Several iPhone accessories will also be available in June, including Apple’s new remarkably compact Bluetooth headset. iPhone includes support for quad-band GSM, EDGE, 802. 11b/g Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 2. 0 EDR wireless technologies. iPhone requires a Mac with a USB 2. 0 port, Mac OS ® X v10. 4. 8 or later and iTunes 7; or a Windows PC with a USB 2. 0 port and Windows 2000 (Service Pack 4), Windows XP Home or Professional (Service Pack 2). Internet access is required and a broadband connection is recommended. Apple and Cingular will announce service plans for iPhone before it begins shipping in June. III. Competitor Analysis Market Share by OS Nokia still has a third of the overall mobile phone market. The average selling price of a Nokia Smartphone fell by 21% from 2009. Nokia is selling plenty of devices, but they are at the cheap end of the market. They lost what some in the industry refer to as â€Å"mindshare† to Apple's iPhone and the Google Android mobile software platform. Nokia wants to sell services – music, maps, and applications – as well as hardware but high-end phone users are looking elsewhere. The company says a new family of Smartphone’s, led by the N8 released in 2010, will revive its fortunes at the top end of the market. Nokia chief executive Stephen Elop was forced to abandon the mobile phone giant's in September 2010. The news that the Finnish firm might only break even in the second quarter of this year slashed 25 per cent off its value in 24 hours. Mobile phone manufacturer Nokia has announced it will shed 7,000 jobs from next year as part of a plan to refocus the company on Smartphone. The Finnish firm is moving from Symbian to Microsoft's Smartphone technology. The firm recently confirmed the deal with Microsoft last week to jointly develop Smartphone technology, which will cut costs by about 1bn Euros a year. Under the terms of that deal, Nokia agreed to start using the Microsoft's operating system on its Smartphone instead of its own Symbian platform. Nokia's response to the Smartphone threat from competitors such as Apple's iPhone and phones using Google's Android system has been long been a key investor concern. Prior to the iPhone, Nokia was the king of mobile handsets. Now its share of the Smartphone market has plunged from 47 per cent to 27 per cent. It has also lost its ranking as the largest handset maker in terms of revenue to Apple. Android When Google decided to get into the Smartphone business it decided that Android devices would be everything that the iPhone was not. Apple one or two handsets, Google on the other hand was laying out a great number of handsets. Manufacturers such as HTC, LG and Motorola could use the new operating system for free. It enabled Google to have phones for every section of the market – high powered and pricey, cheap and practical. Android's real selling point would be the apps. Here too, the policy was one of openness. Apple controlled its App store controlling every submission and rejecting those that contravened its rules. For Android anyone who had written an app could upload it. At first, users and app developers welcomed the free-and-easy approach. However, some have begun to question if Google's policy for the apps is the best way to manage the Market. Three years after its launch, hardware sales are booming. Yet sales of Android apps remain relatively poor. Estimates of Apple’s App store in 2010 were ? 1. billion. Android Market managed just ? 62 million. The figure was lower than both Blackberry App World (? 100m) and Nokia's Ovi store (? 64m). Research predicts massive improvements for Android by this time 2012 but it is still expected to lag far behind iOS. Finally Android's market share grew to surpass the Symbian platform used by Nokia making it the most sold Smartphone Microsoft Microsoft market share is declining in the Smartphone platf orm market. Windows Phone 7 lacks a number of features despite the innovation of its user interface. Microsoft hopes to gain market share once Nokia Windows Phones and its wide-ranging â€Å"Mango† software update get released later in 2011. Microsoft has unveiled the first major update to its Windows Phone 7 operating system it launched in 2010. The update, codenamed Mango, intdoduces more than 500 changes. Microsoft’s attempts to break into the Smartphone race have been mediocre at best. Currently, the company controls less than 4% of the market. Despite this, Microsoft’s Windows Phone 7 platform is forecasted to beat Android in 2013. Microsoft introduced Pocket PC in 2000, followed by Windows Mobile in 2003, prior to Apple and Android's release. However it still failed to compete in the market, or rival Symbian who controlled nearly 90% of the market share. Microsoft lacked the features and compatibility that Symbian was featuring at the time, and as a result, consumers refused to recognize its product or give Microsoft the opportunity to be a contender in the Smartphone industry. The platform was notoriously sluggish and the most difficult of any platform to use. Microsoft tried to solve some of these issues with minor tweaks and software updates over the years to little or no avail. As Windows Mobile market shares continued to decline, Microsoft had no other option than to overhaul the Microsoft platform and launch Windows Phone 7 in 2010. Windows Phone 7 was much improved. But Microsoft still failed to take control of the market, or garner any real significant attention from consumers. RIM Research In Motion has given up more ground to Apple and Google in the hypercompetitive Smartphone market, a report shows, while two brokerages cut their price targets for the BlackBerry maker on concerns it can no longer keep pace. The latest figures dropped RIM from second to third place. The Canadian company's struggle to compete is unlikely to get any easier, with Apple's upcoming iCloud service expected to hurt RIM. IV. Sales Analysis Apple  produced some stellar results: revenues up 48% year-on-year to $13. 5bn, and profits up. The process is confused because  Apple has begun restating its year-ago earnings, to take into account the fact that it now recognizes income and revenue from subscription-based products such as the  iPhone(which may be sold on an 18-month contract) as soon as it gets it, rather than deferring it over the life of the device/contract as it used to. It began doing that in the most recent quarter, covering Christmas, which – confusingly – is the first quarter of its financial year. So previously, the second-quarter revenues were $8. 16bn, not the newly-restated $9. 08bn; the profits were $1. 21bn, not the now-given figure of $1. 62bn. The numbers also don't include the iPad, because the quarter ended on March 31 – the iPad was launched three days later. According to MacJournals, which chewed over the numbers, â€Å"At $5. 445 billion, iPhone sales accounted for 40% of Apple's revenue. All Mac sales were 28%, all  iPod/Music sales were 24%. Mac sales are 2. 943m units, generating revenue of $3. 76bn – which Apple says was 33% year-on-year growth, compared to market growth of 24%. The company's market share of mobile subscribers has also taken a deep plunge. Market research firm comScore says that between October and January, Microsoft's share of the market fell from 19. 7% to 15. 7%. RIM, the maker o f the BlackBerry, remained the leader, growing from 41. 3% to 43%. Apple ‘s iPhone increased slightly, from 24. 8% to 25. 1%, and Google's Android grew by more than 250%, going from 2. 8% to 7. An interesting analysis comes from Tomi Ahonen, a former Nokia executive. â€Å"I am writing the first history of the once-iconic iPhone, written now in early April 2010, before Apple has released its first quarter earnings for 2010. This is literally the peak of the short reign that Apple's iPhone had as the most emulated Smartphone. [†¦] And mark my words, the numbers are now very clear, Apple's market share peak among smartphones, and among all handsets, on an annual basis, is being witnessed now. † V. Profitability Analysis Apple reported in the second quarter of 2011 that net income rose 95 percent, to $5. 9 billion, or $6. 40 a share, from $3. 07 billion, or $3. 33 a share, in 2010. Revenue climbed 83 percent, to $24. 67 billion, from $13. 5 billion. The profit margin in 2011 is 22. 36% of the sales which is an improvement over the level the company achieved in 2010. The company’s return of equity is 38. 78% while in 2010 it was 26. 2% which means that there is a 12. 58% increase on the return of equity. The gross margin is 39. 07% which is slightly better than the company achieved in 2010. VI. Cross Elasticity of Demand: Competitors V/s iPhone When the iphone 3GS was released on July 11, 2008 it cost $199 with the AT;T two year contract. In January 2011 Apple cut the iphone 3GS price to $50. cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for product A% ? in price for product B %? in price for iphone: Price of Iphone 3GS, 2010 + Price of Iphone 3GS, 2011? Price of Iphone = 199 + 5050-199 = -1. 671% With the Market share OS table above we can compute the % ? I demand for prodct competing with the iphone. %? in demand for Symbian = Symbian market share of Q1 2011 – Symbian market share of 2010 = 27. 4% – 37. 6% = -8. % Symbian-iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Symbian% ? in price for Iphone = -8. 6%-1. 671% = 5. 146 %? in demand for Android = Android market share of Q1 2011 – Android market share of 2010 = 36% – 22. 7% = 13. 3% Android -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Android% ? in price for Iphone = 13. 3%-1. 671% = -7. 959 %? in demand for R IM = RIM market share of Q1 2011 – RIM market share of 2010 = 12. 9% – 16. 0% = -3. 1% RIM -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for RIM% ? in price for Iphone = -3. 1%-1. 671% = 1. 855 ? in demand for Microsoft = Microsoft market share of Q1 2011 – Microsoft market share of 2010 = 3. 6% – 4. 2% = -0. 6% Microsoft -iphone cross-price elasticity of demand = % ? in demand for Microsoft % ? in price for Iphone = -0. 6%-1. 671% = 0. 359 The price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of quantity demanded by a change of 1 percent in price. It is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the demanded quantity by the corresponding percentage change in price. The iPhone was launched in the US roughly at the beginning of the second Quarter 2008, at a price of $599. In mid September Apple reduced the price for the iPhone by 33% from $599 to $434. According to the quarterly reports, Apple sold 270 000 iPhones in the second quarter and 1,119 000 iPhones in the third quarter. If calculated according to the equation for price elasticity of demand, the iPhone would have a price elasticity of 4. 7, which means that Apple would lose almost 4. 7 percent of iPhone sales for each corresponding 1 percent increase in price. Since elasticity is greater than 1 the price is inelastic so the iPhone is a luxury commodity. Many consumers wait until increased competition forces Apple to decrease prices. VII. Demand, Cost ; Pricing Demand Apple’s iPhone Supply and Demand Concept of Supply and Demand There is a general rule in economics that if the price of a certain good or service rises, then the demand for such good or service declines. If the price decreases, then potential demand also increases (inverse relationship). On the supply side, if the price of a good or service increases, then firms will be willing to supply the market with higher volume of such good or service. If the price decreases, then firms will cut their supply of the good or service (positive relationship. The market then adjusts the price of the good or service in order to satisfy both the consumers and the suppliers. This is called market equilibrium. Apple iPhone Demand Last July, Apple iPhone was able to outsell all smart phones in the United States. It almost equaled the sales of the most popular feature phone (LG chocolate), giving it a relatively stable position in the market. New Apple handset models accounted for almost 1 . of all phone handset sales in the US for about a month. It was estimated that the demand for Apple iPhone was rising at7 . 2 a month, equivalent to about 5 million units of quantity demanded. The market research firm iSuppli noted â€Å"This is a remarkable accomplishment for Apple, considering that July marked the first full month of sales for the iPhone. While iSuppli has not collected historical information on this topic, it’s likely that the s peed of the iPhone ‘s rise to competitive dominance in its segment is unprecedented in the history of the mobile-handset market (Marsal ,2007 . In short , almost unexpected rise in demand of Apple iPhone was unaccounted by many experts , including of which are some of its competitors . The same research firm also noted that survey revealed that almost 57 of iPhones (bought in July ) were purchased by US consumers . Most of the consumers are aged 17-35. Almost 52 of the consumers of this product are male, and about 48 are female, revealing an almost equal propensity to consume for the product among the sexes. Added to that, iSuppli noted that 62 of the consumers of the product are actually college graduates or those with graduate courses . Nonetheless , the same research firm noted that â€Å"some of the iPhone ‘s success in July can be attributed to pent-up demand following months of hype (stagnant demand). Real proof of success will come in the coming months as demand patterns stabilize (Marsal, 2007). This prediction was almost accurate when the demand for iPhone was almost rising at 8 per month (month of June). Cost Apple's Iphone 4 smartphone, for which it's charging at least $500 at retail, is built of parts that cost $187. 51, according to market research firm Isuppli. According to the tear-down the most expensive part of the Iphone 4 is the 3. 5-inch LCD screen which costs $28. 50. Isuppli thinks that the Iphone 4 screen must be identical to one made by LG. It seems that Apple has managed to keep its parts cost at about $170 to $180 per unit. Isuppli's cost estimate doesn't include labour, shipping, advertising, software development or patent licensing. The cost is based on a 16GB version of the Iphone 4 but the low costs of each componant are fairly staggering. The Apple A4 processor reportedly is made by Samsung Electronics for $10. 75 per chip. Isuppli thinks that Geneva-based STMicroelectronics supplied the gyroscope chip at an estimated cost of $2. 60, as well as an accelerometer chip used in previous Iphone versions, which has an estimated cost of 65 cents. Other component suppliers named by Isuppli include Skyworks, a wireless chipmaker and TriQuint Semiconductor. In 2009, Isuppli estimated that the components and materials used in the iPhone 3GS cost about $179. Since then Isuppli thinks that the materials costs for that model have fallen to $134. Thus the Iphone 4 costs a bit more to make than the earlier model. Of course this means that Apple's gross margin on the hardware in Iphones is extremely high. The actual price margin gets obscured by the fact that AT&T heavily subsidises the phone in the US for about what it costs to manufacture. However the real winner is Apple, which does not have to pay for the cost of manufacture and still takes home about three times Iphone 4 production costs, on average. Pricing Because the iPhone price is entirely set by Apple, it makes an interesting case study on how much the price of technology drops over time. The official price of the iPhone periodically drops, as shown in the table below. But, there are no sales and a new iPhone is never sold for less than the official price. (There are occasionally sales on the refurbished iPhones for example on black Friday the refurbished 3GS was sold for $50. 00 instead of the usual $150. 00. )   Finding historical street price data is harder than historical MSRP data. For the iPhone both prices are the same. The table showing the historical price is included below. 1st Gen 4GB| 1st Gen 8GB| 3G| 3GS 16GB| 3GS 32GB| 29 June 2007| $499. 0*| $599*| N/A| N/A| N/A| 5 Sept 2007| Discontinued| $399| N/A| N/A| N/A| June 2008| N/A| N/A| $199| N/A| N/A| June 2009| N/A| N/A| $99| $199| $299| VIII. Pure competition, Monopolistic Competition & Oligopoly Apple Inc. planned to begin producing this year a new iPhone that could allow U. S. phone carriers other than AT&T Inc. to sell the iconic gadget, said people briefed by the company. The new iPhone would work on a type of wireless network called CDMA, these people said. CDMA is used by Verizon Wireless, AT&T's main competitor, as well as Sprint Nextel Corp. nd a handful of cellular operators in countries including South Korea and Japan. The vast majority of carriers world-wide, including AT;T, use another technology called GSM. With Apple developing a phone with CDMA capability, its exclusive U. S. arrangement with AT;T dating to 2007 appears set to end. Verizon Wireless, owned by Verizon Communications Inc. and Vodafone Group PLC, declined to comment. An AT;T spokesman said: â€Å"There has been lots of incorrect speculation on CDMA iPhones for a long time. We haven't seen one yet and only Apple knows when that might occur. † Apple declined to comment. For AT;T, the Apple relationship has been crucial, helping to make the carrier the U. S. leader in lucrative smart-phone market share. According to comScore Inc. , AT;T has over 43% of all U. S. smart-phone customers, compared with 23% for Verizon. These customers are especially attractive because they generally pay higher monthly rates for data plans. For several quarters, AT;T's growth has come almost single-handedly from the iPhone. In the fourth quarter of 2009, the carrier said it activated 3. 1 million new iPhones. In comparison, it counted only a net total of 2. million new subscribers as some customers moved from other phones to iPhones. Now that a new Verizon-compatible iPhone appears to be on the horizon, Digits looks at what Apple can do to win over mobile business users, particularly from RIMM's BlackBerry market. The people briefed on the matter said the upgraded GSM iPhone is being made by Taiwanese contract manufacturer Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. , which produced A pple's previous iPhones. The CDMA iPhone model is being made by Pegatron Technology Corp. , the contract manufacturing subsidiary of Taiwan's ASUSTeK Computer Inc. said these people. One person familiar with the situation said Pegatron is scheduled to start mass producing CDMA iPhones in September. Other people said, however, that the schedule could change and the phone may not be available to consumers immediately after production begins. Representatives of Pegatron and Hon Hai declined to comment. Verizon has publicly stated its interest in the iPhone, but people familiar with the situation said Apple originally decided against developing a phone for Verizon to keep its development process simple, since the technologies are incompatible. Verizon also is upgrading its network to a higher-speed technology, so Apple has said it believed CDMA was a short-term technology. Apple later changed its mind as it realized Verizon's upgrade would take longer than expected, said people familiar with the situation. Making the iPhone available through Verizon, which has over 91 million customers, as well as potentially other CDMA carriers could open up a significant new market. In 2009, iPhone sales globally rose 83% to 25. million, far outpacing the 20% to 25% growth in smart phones sales overall, according to Bernstein. But since Apple already dominates smart-phone sales through existing partners, â€Å"sooner rather than later, Apple is going to have to look to find incremental distribution,† which implies a monopolistic competition between all smart phone sellers, said Bernstein analyst Toni Sacconaghi. He estimates Verizon could help Apple nearly double the number of iPhone users in the U. S. Some advantages that iPhone has comparing to other smart phones are: 1. Pod: iPhone is a not just a phone it is widescreen iPod with touch controls that lets you enjoy all your content — including music, audiobooks, videos, TV shows, and movies — on a beautiful 3. 5-inch widescreen display (Nokia N95 only has a 2. 6 inch screen). The N95 does have a good media player, however with all the iPod features and 4 GB / 8 GB space, it makes the iPhone the best music phone. 2. Advanced Safari browser: iPhone lets you see any web page the way it was designed to be seen, then easily zoom in by simply tapping on the multi-touch display with your finger which will change mobile browsing for the good. . OS X: All the power and sophistication of an advanced operating system that gives you access to true desktop-class applications and software, including rich HTML email, applications such as widgets, Safari, calendar, text messaging, Notes, and Address Book etc. iPhone is fully multi-tasking, so you can read a web page while downloading your email in the background. This software completely redefines what you can do with a mobile phone. 4. User Interface: iPhone features the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. It’s an entirely new interface based on a large multi-touch display and innovative new software that lets you control everything using only your fingers. 5. Visual Voicemail: The iPhone lets you select and listen to voicemail messages in whatever order you want — just like email using a revolutionary new feature called the visual voicemail. IX. Conclusion Analyzing as managerial economics students, we can conclude that although the current methods and techniques are serving us well in analyzing the current market situation, there will be new techniques emerging in the future with global changes occurring at leaping speeds. What is essential is for us to grasp is that the theory is flexible with these changes and that it can be shaped or rounded to be applied to any market situation analysis. The content and subjects we learned in this course are nothing but the bedrock tools that any manager needs to know and use in his daily life in order to forecast revenues and demand, analyze current markets and evaluate his company’s stance regarding his competitors. X. References ttp://theblogpaper. co. uk/article/business/31may09/price-elasticity-demand-iphone http://news. cnet. com/8301-13506_3-20064223-17. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-10725887 http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-13284156 http://m. ibtimes. com/microsoft-windows-phone7-google-android-apple-157595. html http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/06/03/us-rim-research-ubs-idUSTRE7523PP20110603 www. newyorktimes. com www. wallstreetjournal. com

Writing As A Form Of Art - 882 Words

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