The Powerful Nations of Imperialists

Imperialism is the practice by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. By the 1800†³s, the Western powers had advantages in this process. They led the world in technological advances, giving them a dominance when conquering other countries. The European Imperialists made attempts to conquer China and Japan. In this process, they succeeded by influencing Japan greatly. However, they were not as successful with China. At the end of the eighteenth century, China†s goods were much desired by Britain. However, the Chinese saw Europeans as savages and did not want to trade with them. During trade, there was an imbalance in China†s favor, because the Europeans were forced to buy Chinese goods using silver. The Western Imperialists began to grow opium poppies from in India, and then smuggle them into China. China soon became addicted to the drug and spent most of it†s money on the purchase of it from the Europeans and Americans. This shifted the balance of power to be in Europe†s favor. In the early 1800†³s, Japan had blocked off all trade from other countries. Foreign whaling ships could not even reload or repair their ships in Japan territory. This offended many other countries. In 1852, Matthew Perry was sent to Japan to negotiate open trade. Japan felt threatened by the United States, and gave in to their demands. Japan was frightened by their stipulations, and immediately began to reform. They developed a new education system that was similar to America and Europe†s. They also developed a Western style judiciary system. Japan and China reacted differently to the reforms of Imperialism. When put under pressure, Japan succumbed to the power of Western Imperialist ideas. Conversely, China, resisted for a long time. As a result, Japan had more technology, while China was unenlightened of the new advances. Japan also gained more respect from other countries, that China did not have. In the long run, Japan gained more by yielding to the Historically, states have been motivated to pursue imperialism for a variety of reasons, which may be classified broadly as economic, political, and ideological. The imperialism of China and Japan in the nineteenth century helped shape the way the countries are today. Japan†s culture, education, government, and other issues are based on the influences of America and Europe from years ago.

A Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

Water constitutes over 70 % of the Earths surface and is a really of import resource for all people and the environment. If H2O gets polluted it cant be the elixr of life any longer to aquatic and to the wild life that depend on it. Rivers and watercourses polluted with chemical contaminations account as one of the most important environmental jobs. Water pollution is fundamentally a human fallacy.This used H2O is called â€Å" effluent † . Turning population and rapid industrialization has increased the volume of effluent manifold finally deteriorating the fresh H2O resources and environing environment due to inappropriate management.It is 99.94 per centum H2O, with merely 0.06 per centum of the effluent being dissolved and suspended solid stuff. Infiltration/inflow: immaterial H2O that enters the cloaca system through indirect and direct agencies such as through leaking articulations, clefts, or porous walls.Inflow is storm H2O that enters the cloaca system from storm drain connexions, roof headings, foundation and cellar drains or through manhole screens ; Features: Fresh, aerophilic, domestic H2O has been said to hold the smell of kerosine or newly turned Earth. Aged, infected sewerage is well more violative to the olfactory nerves.The characteristic rotten-egg smell of H sulphide and the mercaptans is declarative of infected sewage.Fresh sewerage is typically gray in colour.septic sewerage is black.The category of chemical compounds found in effluent are illimitable and so they are better known by the name of the trial used to mensurate them which are BOD5 and COD test.Industrial procedures generate a broad assortment of effluent pollutants.The features and degrees of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Waste-water quality is assessed based on physical, chemical, and biological features. Physical parametric quantities include coloring materials, smell, temperature, and turbidness. Insoluble contents such as solids, oil and lubricating oil, are to be considered under this category.. Solids may be farther subdivided into suspended and dissolved solids every bit good as organic ( volatile ) and inorganic ( fixed ) fractions. Chemical factors to be considered are: biochemical O demand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , entire organic C ( TOC ) , and entire O demand ( TOD ) . Inorganic chemical parametric quantities include salt, hardness, pH, sourness and alkalinity, every bit good as concentrations of ionised metals such as Fe and manganese, and anionic entities such as chlorides, sulphates, sulphides, nitrates and phosphates. Bacteriological parametric quantities include coliforms, fecal coliforms, specific pathogens, and viruses. Both components and concentrations vary with clip a nd local conditions.VARYING FLOW Issue:Waste-water flow fluctuates with fluctuations in H2O use, which is affected by a battalion of factors including clime, community size, life criterions, dependableness and quality of H2O supply, H2O preservation demands or patterns, and the extent of metre services, in add-on to the grade of industrialization, cost of H2O and supply force per unit area. Wide fluctuations in effluent flow rates may therefore be expected to happen within a community Effluent does non flux into a municipal effluent intervention works at a changeless rate. The flow rate varies from hr to hr. In most metropoliss, the form of day-to-day activities sets the form of sewerage flow and strength. Above-average sewerage flows and strength occur in mid-morning.The invariably altering sum and strength of effluent to be treated makes efficient procedure operation difficult.Also, many intervention units must be designed for the maximal flow conditions encountered which really consequences in their being oversized for mean conditions.Flow equalisation is non a intervention procedure in itself, but a technique that can be used to better the effectivity of both secondary and advanced effluent intervention processes.The intent of flow equalisation is to stifle the fluctuations so that the effluent can be treated at a about changeless flow rate.Flow equalisation can significantly better the public presentation of an bing works and increase its utile capacity.In ne w workss, flow equalisation can cut down the size and cost of the intervention units. Wastewater intervention options may be classified into groups of procedures harmonizing to the map they perform and their complexness: The basic methods of handling municipal effluent autumn into the undermentioned phases, which is shown in the signifier of block flow: The procedure flow diagram of a basic effluent intervention procedure is as follows:Conventional WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES:General footings used to depict different grades of intervention in order of increasing intervention degree are preliminary, primary, secondary and third and/or advanced effluent intervention.Preliminary intervention:Preliminary intervention prepares waste-water influent for farther intervention by cut downing or extinguishing non-favourable waste-water features that might otherwise impede operation or overly increase care of downstream procedures and equipment. These features include big solids and shreds, scratchy grit, smells, and, in certain instances, intolerably high extremum hydraulic or organic burdens. Preliminary intervention processes consist of physical unit operations, viz. testing and comminution for the remotion of dust and shreds, grit remotion for the riddance of coarse suspended affair, and floatation for the remotion of oil and lubricating oil. Other preliminary intervention operations include flow equalization, septage handling, and odour control methods.Primary Treatment:Primary intervention is designed to take organic and inorganic solids by the physical procedures of deposit and flotation. About 30 – 40 % of the pollutants are removed from the waste Waterss. Primary intervention acts as a precursor for secondary intervention.Secondary intervention:The intent of secondary intervention is the remotion of soluble and colloidal organics and suspended solids that have escaped the primary intervention. This is typically done through biological procedures, viz. intervention by activated sludge, fixed-film reactors, or laguna systems and deposit. Chemical intervention utilizes a coagulator such as Fe or aluminium.Then solid organic affair and P are precipitated into larger pieces which are separated as sludge. Suspended solids removal through chemical intervention involves a series of three unit operations: rapid commixture, flocculation and settling..A once-through chemical intervention system is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: greater remotion efficiency, the feasibleness of utilizing higher overflow rates, and more consistent public presentation. On the other manus, curdling consequences in a larger mass of primary sludge that is frequently more hard to inspissate and dewater. It besides entails higher operational costs and demands greater attending on the portion of the operator.Adsorption WITH ACTIVATED CARBONAdsorption is the procedure of roll uping soluble substances within a solution on a suited interface. In waste-water intervention, surface assimilation with activated carbon-a solid interface-usually follows normal biological intervention, and is aimed at taking a part of the staying dissolved organic matter.Particulate affair nowadays in the H2O may besides be removed.. The two most common types of activated C are farinaceous activated C ( GAC ) , which has a diameter greater than 0.1 millimeter, and powdered activated C ( PAC ) , which has a diameter of less than 200 mesh. A schematic of an activated C contactor is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: Exploitation powdered activated C in concurrence with traditional biological intervention provides first-class outflowing bio-assay consequences, provides for toxicity control within the bioreactor, and proA ­motes higher nitrification efficiency than that of a conventional activated-sludge system.CWAOOxidation is a procedure widely used for effluent intervention by which the pollutants are removed or converted into more biodegradable substances. Catalytic moisture air oxidization ( CWAO ) is a liquid stage reaction between organic stuff in H2O and O. CWAO is an attractive intervention for waste watercourses, which are excessively dilute to incinerate and excessively concentrated for biological intervention. It can be defined as the oxidization of organic and inorganic substances in an aqueous solution or suspension by agencies of O or air at elevated temperatures and force per unit areas. It is besides called flameless burning Typical conditions for CWAO scope from 125 to 300a- ¦C and at force per unit areas from 0.5 to 20 MPa. Residence times may alter from 15 to 120 min, and the chemical O demand ( COD ) remotion may typically be about 75-90 % .DECHLORINATIONDechlorination is the remotion of free and entire combined Cl residue from chlorinated effluent wastewater before its reuse or discharge to having Waterss. Chlorine compounds react with many organic compounds in the wastewater to bring forth unsought toxic compounds that cause long-run inauspicious impacts on the H2O environment and potentially toxic effects on aquatic microorganisms. Beginning: Adapted from Liu and Liptak, Wastewater Treatment ACTIVATED CARBON CONTACTOR: Beginning: Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 3rd edition.Comparison OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER:Factor BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL EFFLUENT QUALITY Biological P remotion was observed to make a lower limit of 0.4mg/l in the wastewater Chemical P remotion was observed to make whatever outflowing quality demand as more and more chemicals are dosed SLUDGE PRODUCTION ( The production of sludge is considered as a really of import factor in the pick of a effluent intervention method presents ) Sludge production is less compared to chemical method. Chemical P remotion produces more sludge, approximately 25 % more sludge than by biological agencies. NEEDED PLANT VOLUME As the volume of the anaerobiotic zone of the Bio -P procedure is reduced, there are alterations in the outflowing quality and the efficiency of P remotion is reduced The decrease of the volume of the anaerobiotic zone has no effects on the chemical P remotion Consumption OF ENERGY It was possible to cut down the capacity of the aeration device down to 1000kg O2/hr and still hold good intervention consequences in footings of COD and nitrogen remotion in the Bio-P process.Beyond this bound ( less than 100kg O2/hr ) COD and the Nitrogen in the wastewater are excessively high. Same sum of COD and Nitrogen in the wastewater is observed at 500kgO2/hr.So chemical method is more immune to decrease in aeration capacity than the Bio-P procedure by atleast 500kgO2/hr aeration capacity. ECONOMIC COST OF TREATMENT ) Annual cost for sludge disposal is saved by Bio-P compared to chemical method. The cost of buying chemicals is high and no nest eggs with respect to sludge disposal compared to Bio-P remotion. The economic cost of intervention has been evaluated based on a summing up of the single costs associated with sludge production, cost of chemicals, energy cost and costs associated to volume nest eggs. The purpose of an economic cost is non to reflect the exact fiscal cost but an estimation that could be used as a guideline for the building of a new works or for comparing of the two procedures. Discussion: Chemical VS BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Biological procedure removes solid organic affair and dissolved organic affair. The chemical procedure removes solid organic affair and phosphorus.Chemical precipitation cleans the H2O really quickly, say in less than 15mins after the induction of the procedure, we have clean H2O, whereas with biological intervention it will take 3 hour to accomplish the same.Biological procedure stopping points relatively long clip and is dependent on the effectivity of the microorganisms.Chemical and Biological interventions work in different ways and accomplish different results.We have to find the major causes of O lack in Waterss and choose the intervention in conformity with local environmental requirements.Purification in itself demands resources.Biological intervention requires a long abode clip and energy is consumed when air is blown into the sewerage water.Consequently the Biological works is large and more complex.The micro-organisms have to be adapted to the pollution which sensitises th e whole system.Chemical purification requires add-on of coagulators which is done in a little pool and at lower energy consumption.The entire energy used for chemical intervention is merely 15 % of that required for biological intervention, even if the energy used for production and distribution of coagulators is included.In footings of the entire ecological emphasis, the chemical procedure is favoured.Life rhythm appraisals show the biological procedure to be a larger consumer of resources and therefore it is more negative interms of its full environmental impact.If there is no demand to take dissolved organic affair a biological procedure could make greater ecological harm than chemical procedure due to the entire energy ingestion and the natural stuffs used when building the works. The environment makes demands on the purification procedure and if advanced purification is necessary both biological and chemical methods must be used..In Norway, the bing chemical works built wholly within bedrock was extended with the N remotion system due to the increased food load.With the alone combination of chemical and biological procedures this works occupies less than half the volume of the conventional biological procedure. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective effluent aggregation and intervention are of great importance from the point of view of both environmental and public wellness. Any effluent intervention works needs important investing and Operation Maintenance and control, and hence any determination to implement such a installation should be carefully considered. It is non a good thought to reason that any intervention method is better than the other.Each one has its ain advantages and disadvantages.The pick of which method is to be used will depend on the society, the discharge demands and the costs they are ready to incur.As a concluding decision, the winning construct these yearss should non be based on which procedure should be used in isolation to the other, but instead utilizing the advantages of both processes together to obtain best consequences, while at the same clip understating their disadvantages. Extensive research activity in this field has led to important betterment and variegation in the procedures and methods used for waste-water intervention and sludge direction. Public wellness jeopardies are frequently associated with waste-water reuse, and accordingly it is indispensable to circulate cognition and information about the danger of natural waste-water reuse and issue safe reuse guidelines.

Importance of Physical Education in Adolescents Essay

Introduction of the Topic In many schools around the world, there is an inadequate physical activity for students that pose a serious public health problem. Regular activity sustained over several years contributes to weight control and protection from cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases (ACSM 1998). The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) system provides the most complete information regarding physical ability habits of adolescents and young people. Using this system, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) track six youth behavior, which includes physical activity. Preliminary results from the 2001 YRBS survey (MSBE in press) indicate that 85 percent of adolescents in a certain state in the United States performed some vigorous activity at one day a week for 20 minutes, but only 27 percent indicated five or more days of moderate activity. While this study comes from only one state, the same result of physical activity levels has also been observed in national averages. This shortage of physical activity among adolescents in the U. S. was attributed to an excess of sedentary behavior. In a certain survey, an astounding 53 percent of the students surveyed reported watching two or more hours of television on a typical school night. Of those, 15 percent watched four or more hours. Such survey significantly proves no difference from other American children in their television viewing habits (MSBE in press). Physical education class is where students should be learning the necessary knowledge and skills to be physically active, yet physical education is not available to students as fully as it should be. In 2001, (MSBE 2001) published a data that majority of elementary schools in the U. S. offer physical education classes for an average of two days per week, for an average of 60 minutes per week. Half of middle school students receive physical education five days per week, for an average of 48 minutes per week for than 25 weeks during the school year. The other half unfortunately receives far less than that. According to (MSBE 2001), only 29 percent of high school students reported having daily physical education classes. In the U. S. , 29 percent of adolescents in grades 9-12 participated in daily physical education in 1999 as compared with 42 percent in 1991 (14). Participation in organized sports provides another opportunity for physical activity. MSBE (2001) found that 61 percent of 9-12 graders in Michigan reported playing on one or more sports teams. MSBE (2001) added that African-American and Hispanic high school students were less likely with 48 percent compared to Caucasians with 52 percent to play on sports teams. Despite several studies showing that most youth perform some vigorous activities, there are still a significant number of adolescents who do not participate in any regular physical activity. Their reasons include the unavailability of physical education classes, limited spots on school-sponsored teams, and the lack of resources for communities in providing recreational teams. Others, on the contrary, may choose not to participate regardless of the availability of the opportunities. Not considering the causes, it is still important to initiate efforts of getting non-participants involved in some form of physical activity in keeping them from becoming sedentary on a permanent basis. A couple of studies indicate that a total of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity performed most days of the week has a significant impact on prevention of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases (Pate et al. 1995). Provision of the proper instruction, encouragement, and motivation, such numbers is attainable by the majority of children and youth in the U. S. Background of the Topic Health care professionals have long understood the importance of physical activity in children. Traditionally, exercise has been prescribed as part of the treatment for children suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes (Nixon et al.1992; Rowland 1990). Regular physical activity, in many cases, has the potential to reduce both morbidity and mortality among these youngsters (Rowland 1990). Studies of health children’s exercise habits and physical fitness in the U. S. initially focused on judging muscular strength, speed, and power. In the 1950s, interest surged when researchers found that American children were less fit compared to European children, as measured by tests done by (Kraus and Hirschland 1954). These results expectedly shocked many Americans and thus prompted the formation of the President’s Council on Youth Fitness in 1956 (later became as President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports). From then on, the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation developed a youth fitness test battery primarily designed to measure general motor performance skills such as power, speed, and agility (AAHPER 1958). More recently, testing in youth fitness has evolved into a more health-related format, superseding the emphasis on traditional motor skills (AAHPERD 1988). At the present time by far, there is no total agreement minimal criterion fitness standards, or even the question of whether physical fitness has declined significantly in recent years with regards to the majority of the youth (Blair 1992; Kuntzleman and Reiff 1992). There is, however, a consensus that children and adolescents should be involved in physical activity on a regular basis and systems of teaching/reward should encourage active participation and enjoyment by all students (Luepker 1999). Physical activity is recognized as the preventive measure for chronic disease. In view of this, Michigan issued a position statement in 1989 that emphasizes the importance of quality physical education programs in their schools during the 1990s (MAHPERD 1989s). Additionally, it was Michigan that initiated the state-wide project called Exemplary Physical Education Curriculum (EPEC). The EPEC was designed to be a public health initiative that addressed the crushing burden of chronic disease attributable to physical inactivity that would be carried out completely in the school setting. It has scientific grounding in chronic disease prevention, and uses state-of-the-art educational theory. More importantly, the EPEC curriculum equips students in understanding the importance of physical activity and in obtaining the fitness, knowledge, motor skills and personal/social skills they need to be active for life. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assumed leadership in a new approach during the 1990s. This new approach of CDC was aimed to increase physical activity among adolescents and adults. By then, it was highly emphasized that education about the importance of physical activity would be ineffective if the physical and social environments made it inconvenient or unsafe to exercise. The realization of this new approach was published in 1995 that describes a new role for states – promoting policy and environmental interventions in preventing and controlling cardiovascular disease – along with particular recommendations for environmental approaches to increasing physical activity (King et al. 1995). Scientific Basis Several recent studies show clearly that risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases are evident in childhood and adolescents (Freedman et al. 1997; Linder and DuRant 1982). Other studies also found to be related to children’s aerobic fitness and physical activity, or lack thereof (Craig et al. 1996; Tolfrey et al. 1999). Independent of nutritional habits, Dietz (1983) has found that physical inactivity has been shown to be a significant predictor and cause of obesity in children. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of overweight among children in the U. S. has tripled. This increase in overweight resembles to a trend for sedentary activities such as computer games and stuff that replace recreational pursuits involving more physical activity (Bar-Or et al.1998; Freedman et al. 1997). Such sedentary behavior of the youth will likely be reinforced in view of the recent trends for computers in every home and classroom. Recently, a randomized trial aimed at reducing children’s television watching was designed in the hope of an increase in the adolescents’ physical activity and fitness levels (Robinson 1999). Notwithstanding the reduction of television watching time, Robinson’s study found no changes in activity and fitness. On the contrary, another study combined both an addition of physical activity and a reduction of sedentary behaviors in a weight reduction program for obese children (Epstein et al. 2000). It excluded the school-related sedentary activities (i. e. studying and homework) including only those performed during the youngsters’ leisure hours. The study found that both adding physical activity and at the same time reducing sedentary behaviors were effective in promoting weight loss and aerobic fitness in children. Family intervention approach in the treatment (not found in Robinson’s study) may have been the key component of the program. It is essential to remind that children with the lowest physical activity levels and highest percentage of body fatness are most likely to develop other risk factors for CVD, including elevated blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels (Tolfrey 1999). Nonetheless, it is encouraging to note somehow that adolescents’ lipoprotein profiles can be improved with physical activity and exercise interventions (Craig et al. 1996). In obese children, weight loss can occur and blood pressure can be lowered when physical activity is an integral part of treatment regimen (Roccini et al.1988). According to Fagot-Campagna et al. (2000), heaviest children are more likely to develop Type II diabetes compared to their leaner counterparts. Type II diabetes was seldom seen in youth prior to the dramatic increase in the number of overweight in youth in recent years. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002) published their research showing that modest weight loss and 150 minutes of physical activity per week could reduce the incidence of Type II diabetes in adults at high risk for the condition. While this study has not yet been replicated in children and adolescents, it significantly lends support for the urgency of helping the youth become physically active, most especially those with body weights that could place them at risk for diabetes. Some cardiovascular disease risk factors have the inclination to track over time (Marshall et al. 1998). That is, individuals will likely keep them through adulthood if they have risk factors as children. One concrete example is a follow-up of the Harvard growth study of 1922-1935 showing that being overweight during adolescence is a greater predictor of chronic disease development (i.e. cardiovascular disease, arthritis) compared to being overweight as an adult (Must et al. 1992). In the same way, (Taylor et al. 1999) found that sedentary lifestyle habits may be formed at a young age, and (Janz and Mahoney 1997) claimed the tendency of aerobic fitness and physical activity behaviors to track throughout childhood, and possibly into adulthood. Dennison et al. (1988) found that very inactive adolescents had the lowest aerobic fitness scores (measured by a 600-yard run) when they were youngsters. A longitudinal study in Finland showed that children who were most sedentary had the least favorable cardiovascular disease risk profile when they became adolescents (Raitakari et al. 1994). While the relationship between physical activity and fitness and their influence on cardiovascular disease risk is clear in adults, results from several studies shows that it is not known whether fitness or activity is the most important predictor for developing cardiovascular disease in adulthood (Pate and Ross 1987; Sallis 1993). Furthermore, there is no consensus on the question whether regular physical activity will result in considerable gains in aerobic fitness in children, specifically those who are adolescents (Morrow and Freedson 1994; Payne and Morrow 1993). Despite the existence of this relationship between fitness and physical activity in children, their associations are not strong based on studies of (Aaron et al. 1993; Morrow and Freedson 1994). Katzmarzyk et al (1998) explains that it is possible that large variability in children’s rates of growth and maturity make it difficult to correlate the fitness and activity variables. In addition, the lack of strong association between fitness and activity in children may be due in part to methodological problems. This is to say that, even though a number of valid and objective aerobic fitness tests have been developed, it is more difficult to quantitatively evaluate varying degrees of physical activity in young people (Freedson 1992; Pate 1993). In any event, in a review of cross-sectional studies designed to measure children’s activity levels, Sallis found that boys are approximately 23 percent more active than girls; boys’ activity levels decline 2. 7 percent per year, while girls’ decline 7. 4 percent per year (Sallis 1993). A major role that explains why children choose to be inactive is their poor self-efficacy for physical exercise. These young people believe that they cannot perform sports and exercises very well as they try to compare themselves to their peers. Self-efficacy emerged as a primary determinant of physical activity behavior that significantly varies with age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Self-efficacy is situation specific and its relationship with physical activity is often examined in relation to three components: efficacy for overcoming barriers to physical activity, efficacy for competing activities, and efficacy for support seeking. A number of research studies have shown that different aspects of self-efficacy correlate with physical activity or predict physical activity behavior in children of all ages (Allison et al. 1999; Trost et al. 1997; DiLorenzo et al. 1998). Self-efficacy, in near adolescence, appears to play its greatest role in physical activity behavior. (Pate et al. 1997; Trost et al. 1999) found that highly physically active fifth and sixth grade boys and girls have shown higher self-efficacy for overcoming barriers. More inactive children have shown less self-efficacy in overcoming barriers competing activities, and support seeking. As a matter of fact, self-efficacy for overcoming barriers is an essential predictor of physical activity in study of Trost et al. (1997) that includes mostly African-American population of fifth graders. Self-efficacy remains a strong predictor of physical activity through about ninth grade (Allison et al.1999). During the high school years of youngsters, it appears that girls begin to require more social influence in order to continue physical activity behaviors, while boys are still in need of enhanced self-efficacy (DiLorenzo et al. 1998). Due to the fact that social support appears to be an important contributor to physical activity behavior, more research should focus on this area. Nevertheless, both self-efficacy and social support are subject to parent and peer actions that need to be considered in physical activity interventions.

Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Museum - Essay Example Museums can be broadly taken as custodians of society’s artefacts and specimens that may include art galleries. Museum always reflect public interest through their open invitation of visitors, promotion of deeper understanding and advancement of people enjoyment while supporting the sharing of authentic natural and cultural heritage. The other role of museum to the society is serving as a custodian of societies exhibits. Here, the museums collect, preserve, study, interpret and display both the tangible and intangible evidences of a society and its nature. Lastly museum serves as educational institution where physical forum is provided to help in carrying out important inquiries and investigations. Different types of museums exist depending on how they are managed, owned and funded. These museums include: National museums, Local authority museums, University museums, Independent museums, Historic properties and heritage sites, and National Trust properties. Other types of museums are Art Museums, Botanical Gardens, Children’s Museums, History Museums, Historic Houses/ Sites, Historical Societies, Living History, Sites, Military Museums/ Battlefields, Natural History Museums, Science Museums/ Science Centers and Special Interest

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal Development Plan - Essay Example In an investigation to identify the effects of culture shock on minority students, Ostrove and Long (2007) and Greenfield (1994) found out that culture shock negatively affects academic performance of the students. The research focused on the black students who were the first generation students. Similarly, Grossmann and Varnum (2011) considered college to be an alien planet where young people from both poor and middle class families are the first to attend college.   Consequently, the social atmosphere results to culture shock on the black students from the said backgrounds, and it influences their adjustment to college.   Inherently, the new social atmosphere also has direct effects on ones personality.   The difference between the social class between the first generation students and the continuing generation is also believed to influence academic performance (Phinney and Haas, 2003).  Induction experience and points for improvement  When I was inducted in Wolverhampton College, I found out that the social atmosphere was quite different from my former university, in America where I studied my undergraduate degree. Firstly as a student I came to know communication between the campus people in Britain was a lot. The university pushed students to talk to each other and develop friendship which gave me a sense of belongingness as soon as I started my program here. Secondly, I came to the university with the notion that it was a very serious institution of learning. Another significant transformation that I was forced to go.... The research focused on the black students who were the first generation students. Similarly, Grossmann and Varnum (2011) considered college to be an alien planet where young people from both poor and middle class families are the first to attend college. Consequently, the social atmosphere results to culture shock on the black students from the said backgrounds, and it influences their adjustment to college. Inherently, the new social atmosphere also has direct effects on ones personality. The difference between the social class between the first generation students and the continuing generation is also believed to influence academic performance (Phinney and Haas, 2003). Induction experience and points for improvement When I was inducted in Wolverhampton College, I found out that the social atmosphere was quite different from my former university, in America where I studied my undergraduate degree. Firstly as a student I came to know  communication between the campus people  in Britain was a lot. The university pushed students to talk to each other and develop friendship which gave me a sense of belongingness as soon as I started my program here. Secondly, I came to the university with the notion that it was a very serious institution of learning. To my disappointment I found out that most the university students preferred partying more than studying. Unfortunately, trying to beat this will only make one to lose friends, and consequently, one has to manage to cope with such a situation. Subsequently, due to time consumed in partying and actually, to adapt to these changes my overall performance was actually affected in by first year in

Chain of Command Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chain of Command - Essay Example In this case Lyndon Johnson, who was President of the United States when the most powerful country on the face of the earth went into what is called as the limited war ideology in Indo-China, his Secretary of National Defense Robert McNamara, General William Westmoreland, the man in charge of the US military operations in Vietnam in the 1960’s, the division and battalion commanders and the individual soldiers in full battle gears. Soldiery, from top to bottom, is guided by the laws of modern warfare specially those task to institute peace and freedom as the Military Review by Sargent (2005) noted, we simply cannot afford to collaterally alienate the people we are trying to influence, liberate, protect, or aid. Not everyone in the field can have the honor and pride of taking orders from the Commander-in-Chief in the form of a morale-boosting pep talk and encouragement. Under constant threat of dragging into the mayhem two of the biggest armies in the world, China and the USSR a nd the wounds of World War II and the Korean War still fresh from the minds of the American people, the United States went into employing the doctrine of limited war.

Sustainable Cities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Cities - Research Paper Example This accounts for about 3.5 billion people (Braun 5). The number is likely to increase to over 60% by the year 2030 due to increased migration of people from rural to urban centers. Nonetheless, many cities face a huge challenge in trying to maintain themselves in a manner that allows for the creation of jobs for the increasing city population and maintaining it prosperity. Such attempts mainly result in straining land and available resource, resulting in challenges such as congestion, shortage of housing, declining infrastructure, development of slums, and luck of other basic amenities, such as clean water, and sanitation (Steffen 11). Other challenges facing most cities include poverty, pollution, and poor sewerage system. In order to overcome these challenges, cities are increasingly adopting the concept of sustainable city or eco-city. The concept of eco-city first came up in 1987 when Richard Register first coined the concept (Braun 5). Since then, many city planners and managem ent have been using the concept to come up with cities that consider the environmental impacts brought about by the rising population. The concept eco-cities also aim to ensure that the city dwellers understand the need to conserve the environment by minimizing inputs of energy, food, water, pollution, and waste output. Shmelev and Shmeleva noted that Richard Register was the first person to formulate the concept of sustainable cities and has since then been adopted by many city designers (16). The concept of sustainable city has mainly been evident in Germany, where most cities have taken the initiative to ensure sustainability. For example, Freiburg City in Germany acts as a good example of a shinning sustainability. This was made possible through the implementation of the sustainable city initiative in Vauban district. The initiative has resulted in the development of eco housing structures, socially conscious neighborhoods and car-free streets. Currently, energy-saving buildings are the culture in Freiburg. In fact, according to the German law, all houses built must waste more than 75KWh/M2 a year (Purvis 9). To achieve the energy efficiency, houses built in the city of Freiburg have solar panels used as the main source of energy. This has helped reduce the amount of greenhouse emissions in the city and its surrounding. A similar eco-city initiative has been created in Rieselfeld district of Freiburg City. Like in Vauban district, the sustainable city initiative by ensuring that all houses are fitted with alternative sources of energy (Purvis 9). The district is also committed to improving the sewerage disposal, drainage system, as well as reducing the level of pollution. Like, Germany’s city of Freiburg, many other cities in the world are also in the process of implementing initiatives aimed at ensuring that the cities become as sustainable as Freiburg City. The aim of this discourse is to examine the cities in the world that are moving towards bec oming an eco-city just as Germany’s Freiburg City. To begin with, climate change is one of the major environmental problems facing the world today. Scientists have noted that the world temperatures have been increasing at an alarming rate over the past few decades. At the same time, the sea levels have also continued to rise. Scientists attribute these climatic changes the global warming effect,

Political Particpation and how it works in different forms of Essay

Political Particpation and how it works in different forms of government - Essay Example It will be argued in the following that new technologies have the potential to bring the young voters in. The internet presents a number of opportunities to improve political participation, and recent political transformations in the Middle East and the impact of 'social media' on those revolutionary actions, should be sufficient proof that much of the potential is already being realized. Moreover, the 'world wide web' which was launched in [Lipson and Day 10] 1993 (internet is older) is now eighteen years old or the age in which youth begin to vote. Voters have now had the web at their disposal, for the entirety of their lives and this is actually a demographic water-shed of sorts. All voters from this time forward, will have had web-era computer technologies at their disposal, and these technologies hold a number of deposits of hope for attracting participation from precisely the age group with the worst turn-out. Before getting to the potential for increasing participation, some o f the positives of current practices will be outlined to demonstrate what can be built on. Political transparency is one of the areas that the world wide web has been very good thus far at improving.

The Complications of Implant Supported Fixed Prosthetics Article

The Complications of Implant Supported Fixed Prosthetics - Article Example Increased masticatory efficiency and lack of tissue contact are the key functional and biological advantages in the use of implant-supported fixed prosthetics. These implant-supported fixed prosthetics function with similarity to the natural denture of the patients and patients appreciate the near normal functionality with such implant restorations. Furthermore, there is greater self-image and self-confidence that results from the feeling and confidence of these implant restorations. In the case of such fixed prostheses, there is no requirement for mucosal support. The prosthesis is totally supported by the implant abutment unit, which removes the possibility of prosthesis movement. As a result, any possible tissue irritation due to prosthesis movement is completely removed (Stevens, Fredrickson & Gress, 2000). Implant supported prostheses for the rehabilitation of complete or partial edentulism comprises either of removable or fixed restorations. Commonly employed implant-supported fixed prosthesis is made up of a metal substructure and a ceramic veneer. Several studies support the long-term success of such fixed implant-supported restorations, though the risk of failure of implant-supported fixed prosthetics from complications of the procedure has been less defined. There is also the element of high costs that are associated with implant-supported fixed prosthetics. These two factors make it relevant for a better understanding of the risk of failure that arises from the complications of implant-supported fixed prosthetics (Kinsel & Lin, 2009). Implant abutments customized to patient needs are becoming more and more popular in implant-supported fixed prosthetics, which target replicating the natural situation. Such abutments are shaped in keeping with the individual anatomical requirements of the site of the implant.  

Protection Individual's Freedom From the Excessive Power of Government Essay

Protection Individual's Freedom From the Excessive Power of Government - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the concept of democracy is fundamentally described as a strong mechanism, which can be directly exercised by the people through electing their preferred agents. It is indeed a strong set of principles and ideas, which tends to protect the freedom of individuals belonging to any particular society. With regards to the brief understanding of academic history, terms democracy and freedom were often interchangeably used. However, these two terms have distinctive approaches in the context of their respective practices and procedures associated with a particular society, state or a nation as well. Although democracy demonstrates a clear and wide concept concerning individual freedom and liberty, it also entails a set of distinctive processes and practices that have been shaped by a long and convoluted political history. Emphasising diverse concepts and ideas of democracy as represented in different kinds of literature, the essay critically demonstrates the extent of democracy in protecting individual freedom from the excessive power of government. According to various observations, democracy is further defined as a set of specific government institutions possessing a well-structured group of values, practices, and attitudes that may include dissimilar sorts of expressions amidst the societies and the cultures prevailing across the world. With regards to demonstrating the purposes and functions of democracy, the term democracy may entail a number of strong values along with principles and practices.

Assessment of an enterprise-level business system Essay

Assessment of an enterprise-level business system - Essay Example At the end this write up would set forth the criteria for establishing the acceptability or otherwise of the business process mapping tools and suggest any improved tools. In fact all this considerations can be answered in the concept of business process reengineering. It was in the early 1990s that many US corporations, and subsequently companies all over the world, began to adopt the concept of business process reengineering (BPR) to obtain long lost competitiveness that they had lost during the previous decade. The primary feature of BPR is the sole focus on business processes, rather than functional organizational structures. Davenport (1993) defines a (business) process as "a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus's emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. ... Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer's point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers." 1 Hammer & Champy's (1993) definition can be considered as a subset of Davenport's. They define a process as "a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of value to the customer." Whereas Johansson et. al. (1993) defines a process as, "a set of linked activities that take an input and transform it to create an output. Ideally, the transformation that occurs in the process should add value to the input and create an output that is more useful and effective to the recipient either upstream or downstream." This definitions lead us to chief feature of a business process viz. Definability, Order, Customer, Value adding, Embeddedness and Cross functionality. In order to gain an understanding of the various processes involved in the organization which completes its business system information pertaining to above features of the business processes needs to be collected. There can be essentially two approaches to collection of such data-one , the primary data collection and, two, the secondary data collection. With in these approaches primary data could be collected through face to face interviews with key personnel responsible for such processes and a broader based questionnaire approach can be used for the operative employees. Secondary data sources can be rich and can range from industry publications to in-house examination of manuals, sales and marketing registers, financial accounts, accounting vouchers to Board minutes to minutes of the various committees of the Board and other executive committees. 2 The process of business process mapping can follow two approaches. Davenport and Short (1990) have identified two basic methods for process identification, which they termed "targeted" and "comprehensive" methods. Targeted methods take their starting point in the identification of a relatively small number of processes being critical to the business, which are

Control Mechanisms in Management Essay Example for Free

Control Mechanisms in Management Essay The four control standards the team chose to explore in regard to McDonald’s are performance, performance vs. standards, corrective action, and reinforce successes. The team will compare and contrast these control mechanisms, and determine the effectiveness of each. The team will also examine the positive and negative reactions to the use of these controls. Performance Standards â€Å"A standard is an expected performance for a given goal or target that establishes a desired performance level, motivates performance, and serves as a benchmark against which actual performance is assessed† (Bateman, 2009, p. 576). Performance standards relate directly to the success of the company. McDonald’s has set standards for customer service, and customer satisfaction. The standards are communicated to the employees by the store manager and training manager. Management sets attainable goals to motivate employee performance; he or she communicates these goals clearly, and revaluates these goals. Evaluating Performance Companies should evaluate the performance of employees and management to ensure the goals of the company are achieved. In the past McDonald’s evaluated their own-operators on a regular basis until the mid-1990s. McDonald’s discontinued evaluation that resulted in lower customer satisfaction. McDonald’s reinstated performance evaluations in 2001 to improve customer satisfaction. Today regional managers inspect and evaluate franchises on a regular basis. Forms with standard operation procedures enhance the evaluation process, and this information is input in McDonald’s database for further review. Today’s managers can input the evaluation from his or her company PDA. Performance vs. Standards â€Å"The managerial principle of exception states, which control is enhanced by concentrating on the exceptions to, or significant deviation from, the expected result or standard (Bateman, 2009, p. 578). Companies compare the performance of employees by evaluating how well the employee followed the standards or guidelines set by the company. Corrective Action and Reinforce Successes During the work process errors happen and managers should address these problems with his or her employees. Errors happen but managers also see the success of employees meeting or exceeding company goals. Companies should reward employees who meet or exceed the goals of the company. Compare and Contrast McDonald’s main goal is to develop sustainability. The leaders of McDonald’s have set standards of financial growth, customer service, product quality and safety, and corporate responsibility and conduct to achieve this main goal. Considering McDonald’s dominance in the fast-food industry, it is safe to say they have been successful at achieving their performance standards. McDonald’s has been a success because management takes immense care in measuring their performance, comparing their performance to their standards, and taking corrective action to get their performance on the right track. Management analyzes many reports to measure the company’s performance, such as customer satisfaction surveys, the annual report and corporate responsibility report, and performance audits. Management also observes their operation to measure performance. From analyzing these performance reports and audits, management can compare performance to their standards, past performance, and goals. For instance, the six-year summary in the 2011 Annual Report shows McDonald’s earned nearly three billion dollars in total revenue growth between 2010 and 2011 (McDonald’s, 2011). By comparing performance, management can identify deviations from their standards and goals and make corrections. Initiatives such as Employee Value Proposition, Leadership Development Framework and healthier menu items are examples of corrective action taken to improve performance (McDonald’s, 2009, pgs. 6 -7). McDonald’s management can execute these four performance controls successfully by having the drive to improve, building a culture of values, and constantly working toward sustainability (McDonald’s, 2009, pg. 5). McDonald’s worldwide success for many decades adds credence to management’s effectiveness in executing all four performance controls. Determine Effectiveness The four control standards the team chose to explore in regard to McDonald’s work well together, as is evident by the success of the company. The fast-food industry is hard to be successful in unless the company has the right combination of plans and controls. McDonald’s is a leader in this field because the company uses just the right amount of each. The McDonald’s control standards do not act well together unless there are people who make the standards work together. There have been times when some of the control standards have been in need of further guidance. During such times corporate management has had to change some of the ways the controls work. This is to ensure McDonald’s operates to the best of its abilities for effectiveness. Examine Positive and Negative Reactions From examining McDonald’s awards and recognition, it appears McDonald’s has received a very positive reaction to how they use these controls. Such awards include Fortune Magazine’s 2012 number 11 â€Å"Most Admired Company in the World,† Forbes Magazine 2010 â€Å"Most Admired Companies,† 2010 â€Å"Corporate Award† from the Executive Leadership Council (McDonald’s, 2012). Internally, McDonald’s has received positive reaction or at least buy-in, considering their performance and employer awards, to their performance controls, more than likely from their efforts in taking care of their people. McDonald’s has implemented leadership development and employee value proposition programs, and diversity and inclusion and social responsibility initiatives that have promoted employee satisfaction and trust in the company (McDonald’s, 2012). Also their business relationship model between their employees, suppliers, and owner/operators has developed strong communication throughout its operation. Although McDonald’s has been widely successful, they have also failed from time to time. In 2001, University of Michigan rated McDonald’s as one of the poorest-performing retailers from a year-long customer satisfaction study (Zuber, 2001, P. 1). More recently, ConsumerAffairs.com holds hundreds of consumer complaints of McDonald’s service, showing that even a successful giant like McDonald’s still has room for improvement. Controls Affect on Functions The four control standards the team chose to explore are performance, performance vs. standards, and corrective action, and reinforce successes. These controls affect the four functions of management in numerous ways. Pakhare (2011), Effective and efficient management leads to success, which is the attainment of objectives and goals, that an organization sets for itself. Of course, for achieving the ultimate goal, management needs to work creatively in problem solving and execute all the four functions† (Para. 1-12). Since we have a basic understanding of these functions we can see clearly how they are in direct relationship to the control standards we have chosen. With each control standard we see how they closely work with each function. This particular formula is commonplace in many organizations on a global level. The analysis shows that McDonald’s has a good plan of control mechanisms in place, and good functions of management to support the corporation. This has been a key factor of the corporation’s long success in a business where many do not last long. The company has many beneficial areas to back up why they are one of the world’s favorite places to eat and probably will continue to be as successful for many years to come. References McDonalds. (2011). 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/Investors%202012/2011%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf McDonalds. (2012). Awards and Recognition. Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/awards_and_recognition.html McDonalds. (2012). Our Company. Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcdonalds_system.html McDonalds. (2009). Worldwide Corporate Responsibility Online Report: The values we bring to the table. Retrieved from http://www.mcdonalds.at/presse/maps/McDCSR.pdf Pakhare, J. (2011). Management Concepts The Four Functions of Management. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management.html Zuber, A. (2001). McD restructures to beef up performance. Retrieved from

Family System

Family System Identifying Information:    Mr. Gil Buckman is 35 year-old European American Man. He is Married with 3 Children living in the home. The Buckmans are expecting a baby in February. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Presenting or Identified Problem:    Mr. Buckman is seeking services to help strengthen his family system. His primary concern is that his son Kevin age 9 is having difficulty in school and suffering from an emotional disturbance. Mr. Buckman feels Kevins struggles are a direct result of his parenting skills. Mr. Buckman is also struggling with a decision that must be made regarding his career. He wants to ensure his family stability but making partner may cost him time with his family. He would like to find another job but with a baby on the way he does not feel this is an option. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Medical History:    There are no known health risks. The Buckman family appears to be quite healthy. However, Gil reports that his father drinks quite heavily, mostly on special occasions and might possibly be an alcoholic. Kevin is seeing a psychiatrist for his emotional needs. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Immediate Family System:    The Buckman Home consists of the Client Gil Buckman, his wife Karen Buckman, and their 3 children Kevin, Taylor, and Justin. Karen is a 34 year-old, European American mother to Kevin age 9, Taylor Age 6, and Justin age 3. She is also expecting a baby. All of the children are the biological offspring of Gil and Karen and share their Ethnicity. The Spousal Subsystem Gil and Karen have difficulty communicating at times. Gil resents Karen for not telling him about the pregnancy sooner. Karen thinks Gil is blaming her for getting pregnant. Women have choices, Men have responsibility. They maintain a healthy sex life and mutual belief systems. (Pellebon, 2009) Sibling Subsystem: Kevin Taylor and Justin have petty arguments and antagonize each other. Kevin resents having to care for his younger siblings and often replies why do I have to do everything? when asked to help his siblings. (Pellebon, 2009) Parent/Child Subsystem: Gil is a doting father. He tries to rectify his own relationship with his father by being a better parent. He communicates well with his kids, keeping an open dialogue. He has a very macho type relationship with Kevin, while he is more nurturing with his daughter Taylor. Karen admits that they were more overprotective with Kevin when he was younger and less anxious with Justin. (Pellebon, 2009) Parent/Grandparent Subsystem: Gil and his father have a strained relationship. Gill is bitter that his father was neglectful. Frank realizes he has made mistakes and is reaching out to Gil. Frank also feels his son is a better father than he was. Recently hes been learning to communicate with Gil. He previously was more partial to Larry. (Pellebon, 2009) Extended Family System not in home:    Mr. Buckmans Grandmother age 88 lives with his Parents Frank age 64 and Marilyn age 63. Grandma has been uprooted since the visit of Frank and Marilyns youngest son Larry and his son Cool. The Buckmans are of European American Descent. Cool Buckman is bi-racial. His ethnicity is both European and African American. Gil has an older sister Helen, who is a single mom to Julie and Gary. He has a younger sister Susan who is married to Nathan and they have a daughter named Patty. The youngest sibling discussed earlier is Larry. The Buckman family is enmeshed with open dialogue. Family roles are clear with the occasional diffuse boundary. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Peer Relationships and Impairment:    Mr. Buckman is deeply rooted in his family. They have limited community involvement, Gil coaches his sons little league and Karen babysits children in the neighborhood. He has strained work relationships due to his lack of socializing in order to be with his family. His work and family responsibilities dont allow much free time for social networking. This can cause a deficit in support systems. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Environmental Factors:    Gil works outside the home. Karen stays home with the children. They live in a two story suburban home located in a very clean middle- class neighborhood. The home is modern and well furnished. Little financial struggle yet maintain a moderate budget. Gil and Karen seemed very chaotically connected to Gils family. They get along with their neighbors and the community. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Educational/ Vocational/ Employment History and Impairment:    Mr. Buckman chose to college instead of taking over his fathers business. He works in financial firm. His need to help his son is taking away from his ability to perform well in employment (Grazer Howard, 1989) Legal History:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Buckman does not have a criminal record nor has he sought legal services or been sued. His younger brother has a gambling addiction and has been involved with illegal racketeering. His niece Julie was arrested for panhandling. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Resources:   Ã‚   Gil Buckman sought services to help with his son, so he and his immediate family would be the Client System. However the extended Buckman Family are so enmeshed that it is hard to separate them. Therefore we will consider them to be a Target System. There is a tremendous transference of intrinsic and extrinsic energy between these two systems. Extrinsically, they spend a great deal of time with each other, helping with family events and combining resources such as serving dishes. Also they share in the responsibility of caring for Grandma. Intrinsically, their emotional responses add to the support the family provides. There are few boundaries in what is acceptable conversation. (Pellebon, 2009) The School and Child Psychologist would be the Action System in helping with Kevins emotional needs. However it is met with resistance from Gil, who fears the stigma of special education and feels responsible for causing the tension. He believes he has the potential energy to solve the problems within his own family subsystem. His intrinsic attempts to be there for him emotionally and mentally have proved futile. So he moved toward a more extrinsic approach by spending money on a psychiatrist and spending time coaching his sons baseball team. At this point Mr. Buckman feels he has exhausted these resources and seeks services elsewhere. (Pellebon, 2009) Special Circumstances:    The Buckman family has no religious affiliation. There are also no known physical or mental health problems. There appears to be a great deal of tension within the family and Kevin suffers from an emotional disturbance. Frank Buckman has been known to abuse alcohol. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Life Area Impairments:    Gil feels his fathers drinking causes some embarrassment at weddings and family fucntions. However no one has intervened. They make light of it and go on. Kevins emotional issues have put a great deal of added pressure on the family. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Functioning:   Ã‚   Gil is college educated and quite intelligent. Has strong cognitive abilities but does not handle stress or tension well. He becomes very irritable and irrational. He raises his voice to his family and uses a negative tone. He does not have much confidence in his parenting skills as he has resentment toward his own father. Mr. Buckman is generally content except when dealing with family or work. He tries to be nonchalant until he feels his ability to handle responsibilities is threatened. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Positive Reinforcement: Frank knows Larry is gambling and gives him money to help covering his losses. He is reinforcing the behavior to gamble; even when Larry loses he is rewarded with more money from his father. (Pellebon, 2009) Negative Reinforcement: Nathan did not allow Patty to attend preschool and limited her time with Gils kids. He believed that removing these social influences would increase her ability to learn and maintain her extreme intelligence. (Pellebon, 2009) Positive Punishment: Grandma notices Gil is tense and arguing with Karen. So she tells a story of her first roller coaster ride using it as metaphor for life. She in a sense scolds Gil for getting upset hoping to stop his ranting. (Pellebon, 2009) Negative Punishment: The family shares extrinsically, giving and combining resources but when Larry comes for a visit they are guarded with their money. They believe withholding money from Larry will stop his erratic spending behavior. (Pellebon, 2009) Respondent Conditioning: Gil felt abandoned by Frank. Frank would take him to a baseball game every year and leave him with an usher leaving him feeling abandoned by his Dad. Even as an adult baseball games trigger sad memories and feelings of abandonment. (Ashford, LeCroy, Lortie, 2006) Habituation: The Buckman family learns to bond and communicate by the routine of tucking the children into bed every night. Saying goodnight and I love every night creates a habit of showing care and affection. (Ashford, LeCroy, Lortie, 2006) Modeling: Gil spends time with his kids and communicates with them in order to model good parenting skills. He hopes that by being a good parent that his kids will grow up to be good parents. He was not aware that his father was also observing and learning to be a better parent. (Ashford, LeCroy, Lortie, 2006) Vicarious Learning: Karen learns that her sister-in-law Susan would give her husband Nathan oral sex in the car when he would get tense. Later when in the car with Gil when he is tense she attempts to calm him down in the same manner. (Pellebon, 2009) Strengths and Weakness:    Gil Buckman is very motivated to make a positive impact on his family. He doesnt cope well with stress. However he is eager to implement change in his life. He lacks self control yet he is resourceful and goal oriented. He is assertive, and willing to preserve in order to meet the needs of his family. Mr. Buckman gets along well with others, yet has limited ties to his community. What little involvement he has is positive, he has effect peer relationships. (Grazer Howard, 1989) Multidimensional Assessment: Mr. Buckman has the capabilities to utilize resources provided to him. He has adequate means to meet the needs of his family. His readiness to implement change will assist him in his preparation to care for Kevins emotional problems.

Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis

Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis KAUTILYAS THOUGHTS ON FOREIGN POLICY AND ANALYSE ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN INDIA PARTICULARLY WITH REGARDS TO CHINA CHAPTER I METHODOLOGY General 1. The making of foreign policy is an exercise to achieve ends and means of a nation state. Conceptually it is based on long term goals and related short term objectives. It is the product of past history, geography, evolving national power and prevalent international environment, which is largely out of countrys control[1]. 2. Indian Foreign Policy towards China was initially based on idealism of Nehru, steered towards realism by Mrs Indira Gandhi, asserted by Rajiv Gandhi and culminated with India going overtly nuclear under Vajpayee in May 1998. From Hindi-Chini bhai bhai to potential enemy number one to great friend, India just does not know how to deal with its neighbourhood dragon that has played its cards so skilfully vis-à  -vis India. 3. Indias dominant geostrategic location, vast natural and technological manpower resources, a vibrant emerging economy backed by strong military and nuclear capability, visible soft power and presence of the Indian Diaspora the world over, make it an ideal candidate to be a major player in the world in general and South Asian region in particular. 4. India and China are the two major powers in Asia with global aspirations and some significant conflicting interests. As a result, some amount of friction in their bilateral relationship is inevitable. The geopolitical reality of Asia makes sure that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for Hindi-Chini to be bhai-bhai (brothers) in the foreseeable future. If India and China continue to rise in the next few years, a security competition between the two regional giants will be all but inevitable. If India is serious about its desire to emerge as a major global power, then it will have to tackle the challenge of Chinas rise. A rising China will not tolerate a rising India as its peer competitor. Even if a rising India does not have any intention of becoming a regional hegemon, China will try its best to constrain India as it has already done to a large extent. And it is that containment that India has to guard against. India should make a serious attempt to manage the fr ictions by expanding the zone of cooperation with allies even as it tries to steadfastly pursue its national interests. 5. Indian foreign policy agenda should be driven by only Indias national security imperatives. India needs to be more pro-active, consistent, and realistic when engaging China. It is time for India to realise that Its great power aspirations cannot be realised without a cold-blooded realistic assessment of its own strategic interests in an anarchic international system where there are no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent interests. 6. It would be prudent to look, into the wisdom of Kautilyas , Arthashastra, a treatise on polity and statecraft to learn the lessons on war and strategy , national power and national security and threat perception and threat assessment. Statement of Problem 7. To study Kautilyas thoughts on strategy and analyse its relevance to the present day Indian Geo-political environment with particular regards to China. Justification of the Study 8. Kautilyas Arthashastra has been recognised the world over as an invaluable treatise on all facets of statecraft and polity. Its eternal wisdom and timelessness can be gauged from the fact that it is still quoted by scholars, academicians, bureaucrats and soldiers alike the world over. The interest generated in this epic illustrates that the thoughts on strategy to sustain and advance a state still provides valuable lessons. The twentieth century which has seen two world wars of long duration and host of other conflicts worldwide has also generated a fairly large number of studies on strategy commensurate with the advances in technology and new methods in warfare. But there is certain universality about classical strategic thoughts which prompts academics and scholars to go back to these works both in terms of comparative analysis and their reinterpretation in the changing world. 9. Strategy over the ages has been defined in different ways reflective of the times in which they were made and the existing interstate relations and economic and social state of a nation. Higher or Grand strategy is hardly understood nor does it seem to have been practised in India. It is therefore important to study the various facets of this vital subject as propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, as it is so critical for the existence and security of a nation. Scope 10. The Arthashastra is a compendium on various aspects of statecraft and lays down measures to be followed by a king to sustain and advance a state. The contents of this treatise are very exhaustive covering a broad spectrum to include the minor details at one end to grand strategy on the other. However this study concentrates on the various facets of stratagem enunciated by Kautilya and analyse their relevance to modern India particularly with regards to China Method of Data Collection 11. All the information for this study has been gathered from various books (refer bibliography) and internet. Content 12. Background. Kautilyas Arthashastra is an excellent treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. It is said to have been written by Kautilya, also known by the name Chanakya or Vishnugupta, the prime minister of Indias first great emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Authenticity and date of Arthashastra. (b) Historical account of life of Kautilya. 13. Kautilyas Foreign Policy. In Interstate relations power constitutes the ability of a nation to impose its will on another nation despite resistance. This Chapter will include:- (a) Saptanga concept of state. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent elements of any state[2] and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. The seven constituents are the basis of the national power and happiness. He then relates as to how national power varies due to expansion or calamities and how pursuance of national interest is directly related to the possession of national power. (b) Postulates of foreign policy. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations[3]. Kautilyas postulates on foreign policy international relations, national security to include internal and external security, war waging methodology to include Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel, Prakasayuddha or Open War, kutayuddha or Concealed War, Gudayuddha or Clandestine War. 14. Mandala Concept as the Basis of National Strategy. Kautilya, says that the the aggressor (Vijigishu), should conclude, peace when he finds that he is weaker than the enemy[4]; he should wage war when he finds himself to be stronger; he should adopt neutrality when assesses that neither he nor his enemy can settle the score; he should seek refuge when he is weak; and he should adopt the duel policy in a contingency requiring the help from, another ruler. War and foreign policy issues are thus decided in an ad hoc framework of political expediency. When progress is equally attainable by means of peace and war, Kautilya says that the former is to be preferred. This is so, for war involves expenditure in men and money, residence in a foreign land, and suffering.This chapter will include the following:- (a) Mandala Theory. Kautilya believed that countries which shared a common border were natural enemies. However, any state on the other side of that enemy is a natural choice for an ally for they, too, are at risk from the same enemy. In other words, he believed in the principle of â€Å"the enemy of my enemy is my friend.† The idea is best envisioned by a series of concentric circles (not a normal configuration of states, admittedly, but easier to describe), which actually makes them look a bit like a mandala. (b) Potential enemies. â€Å"A neighboring prince possessed of the excellences of an enemy is the foe; one in calamity is vulnerable; one without support or with weak support is fit to be exterminated; in the reverse case, fit to be harassed or weakened. These are the different types of enemies[5].† (c) Alliances. A perfect ally is said to have six qualities,namely, constant, under control, quickly mobilising, hereditary, great and not given to double dealing. (d) The six measures of foreign policy. Kautilya however believes that there are spin-offs of these, thus providing six methods of foreign policy. These are making peace, waging war, staying quiet, preparing for war, seeking support, and the dual policy of making peace with one while waging war against another[6]. Ones circumstances will dictate which methods should be used. 15. Application of Mandala Theory in the Contemporary Indian geo-political Scenario. This Chapter will include the classification of friends, enemies, potential enemies, and likely allies on the basis of Mandala theory. 16. Implication of Chinas Rise in Indian Perspective. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Chinas comprehensive strategy. (b) Chinese Balance of power strategy in Asia. (c) Chinese economic Strategy. (d) Chinas encirclement policy. (e) Relationship with Indias neighbours. (f) Chinas perception of India. (g) Indias perception of China. (h) Implication of Chinas strategy on Indias security. 17. Application of Kautilyan Wisdom in Sino-Indian Relations. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Chinese critical vulnerabilities. (b) Indian options to counter Chinese threat. (c) Suggested Indian Strategy against China. â€Å"Miraculous results can be achieved by practising the methods of subversion†. Kautilya CHAPTER II BACKGROUND General 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya [7]or Vishnugupta, was an Indian statesman and philosopher who lived around 350 B.C.E. He is one of the most famous Indian political thinkers who participated in the social and political revolutions of his age. Though he lived a long time ago, certain principles from his theory are still relevant in todays context. His most famous work is Arthashastra, translated differently by various authors, but in its most acceptable meaning, the â€Å"science of political economy[8].† The book, written in Sanskrit, discusses theories and principles of governing a state. Arthashastra remains unique in all of Indian literature because of its unabashed advocacy of realpolitik. Indian scholars continued to study it for its clear-cut arguments and formal prose till the twelfth century. After that period it lost its significance. It has again become the focus of attention of thinkers who want to see a change in the Indian foreign policy[9]. 2. Kautilya was a Brahmin minister under Chandragupta Maurya[10], the first king of the great Mauryan Empire in India. The empire was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India. It was founded in 321 B.C.E. by Chandragupta Maurya[11], who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and begun expanding his power across central and western India. The Empire stretched to the North along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. To the West, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and included Baluchistan in Persia and significant portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces. 3. Many call Kautilya the first political realist in the world.[12] His work differed from existing political theory in that it talked about ways of running the administration which were based more on self interest than on morality. The frank and brutal advice he offers the king in his treatise makes Machiavellis â€Å"The Prince† seem mild.[13] There are four different characteristics of a realist approach to international relations:[14] (a) The assumption that human nature is aggressive. (b) The belief that international relations will always be characterized by conflict. (c) The belief that the foremost goal of the king shall be the protection of the state and its people. (d) The belief that the state must be strong politically, economically, and militarily so as to minimize the possibility of an attack. 4. He thus talked about balance of power before this term was actually invented.[15] He said that the king should consider all his neighbors as his enemies and that any state on the opposite side of a neighbor is a potential ally. So, if countries were in a line, countries 1, 3, 5, 7 could be friends, as could 2, 4, and 6. But countries 1, 2, and 3 could never be friends. This status would change as soon as country 1 conquered country 2. From that very instant country 3 (a friend) would be the new enemy. This is called his ‘mandala theory.'[16] Arthashastra 5. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Arthashastra, â€Å"the science of wealth and warfare,† was just discovered and translated in the past century in Mysore by R. Shamasastry[17], and that until then, there was no knowledge of any such compilation, despite scant allusions made to an â€Å"Arthashastra,† and its alternative names â€Å"Nitisastra† and â€Å"Dandaniti,† in the Mahabharata[18].Thomas Trautmann dates the text to c.150 A.D. and, through rigorous statistical analysis, he concludes that the Arthashastra had several authors spanning a wide range of dates,[19] which adds to the puzzle of how historically obscure the text has been for over the past two millennia. Nevertheless, its secretive nature adds credence to its function as a handbook on efficient statecraft for kings and high-level ministers. 6. Artha has always been regarded as one of the four purusharthas,[20] yet its teachings have been relegated to animal fables and folklore. No such shastras seem to have been compiled for public knowledge, as was the case of the Dharmashastras and Kamashastras. In stark contrast to the latter, the manuscript discovered in 1902 by Shamasastry was compiled as a guidebook for kings and high-level officials, rather than the average individual. The result is a perspective advocating a top-down style of governance with little or no representation held by the general populace, and the continual maintenance of such a state with energetic leadership and extensive secret service. Though the king and upper echelons of society involuntarily accepted such authority because of religious ideals just as much as the general populace did, the Arthashastra suggests the existence of a small elite with a secular and realist outlook that actively worked to uphold this power scheme and determine the overal l course of the kingdom.[21] 7. It is for this reason that the Arthashastra advocates reordering the priorities of the purusharthas, by valuing materialism over religion and morality.[22] Similarly, R.P. Kangle notes that â€Å"these ideals are meant for individuals† and that the conduct of public life was not to be guided by these rules for individual morality[23]. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economics: â€Å"Wealth will slip away from that childish man who constantly consults the stars: the only [guiding] star of wealth is itself; what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a hundred attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth[24].† Public welfare was contingent upon the strength of the state. The latter was achi eved by internal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power[25]. 8. The Arthashastra regards both economics and foreign policy as zero-sum games: the state would need to prosper economically lest it be overtaken by wealthier imperialist neighbors or suffer from internal rebellion by discontented government officials and military leaders. Furthermore, internal development would naturally lead to population growth and would eventually necessitate expansion, which is why L.N. Rangarajan notes that â€Å"the aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing with this logic, Kautilya deals in Book 7 with all the theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy.†[26] Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama. 9. This Arthashastra is primarily a book of political realism where State is paramount and King shall carry out duties as advised in his book to preserve his state. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity[27] and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas work is so deep rooted in realism that he goes to describe the gory and brutal means a King must adopt to be in power. This could have been one reason why Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya whom Kautilya advised renounced violence and war thus taking the path of Dharma or Morals. 10. I will also be making a few references to the other books of Arthashatra where topics of Management have been dealt with. The areas covered under Management include training, management education, leadership skills, selection of employees, consultation, crisis management, risk management, strategic management, corporate governance, information systems, intelligence network, competition, mergers and acquisitions, etc. among many others. Kautilya 11. There are a large of theories as to who Chanakya, or Kautilya or Vishnugupta , was. Kautilya was an enigmatic whose origin is shrouded in mystery. However, all sources of Indian tradition Brahmin, Buddhist and Jain agree that Kautilya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadha. 12. One theory about his origin is that Chanakya was a Kerala Brahmin who somehow reached the court of the Nanda king at Pataliputra[28]. The next theory is that Chanakya was a North Indian Brahmin born and educated in Taxila[29] and that he was physically ugly, had a disgusting complexion and his limbs were deformed. As per Jain tradition, his parents noticed that Chanakya was born with full set of teeth, a mark of future king. They had the teeth removed as either parent did not want him to become a King . He became a King maker instead. 13. At a very early age little Chanakya started studying Vedas. He later also studied politics and economics. As a student and later a professor, the University of Taxila became Chanakyas breeding ground of acquiring knowledge in the practical and theoretical aspects on all walks of life. However, with the Greek armies of Selucus threatening to invade India, and the various kingdoms in the subcontinent on the verge of war and aggression with each other, Chanakya left the university at Taxila, and proceeded in his own words to strengthen the country politically and economically and to save the country from the clutches of foreign invaders. 14. In Magadha, Chanakya was insulted by the King of Patliputra, Dhana Nanda and he vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He came upon Chandragupta and together, Chanakya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom until finally Chandragupta was installed as the king of Magadha[30]. According to written tradition, Chanakya was a fearless person, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and evil to schemers. 15. Chanakya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft[31] unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. For Chanakya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Thus came into being the ‘Arthashastra. There is no doubt that this treatise is the work of a genius, who spoke of matters which have held relevance down the ages to contemporary times with striking infallibility. The military writings of Chanakya precede those of Machiavelli and Clausewitz by centuries but seldom has this fact been acknowledged much less credited outside India. â€Å"The king who understands the interdependence of the six methods of foreign policy, plays, as he pleases, with other rulers bound to him by the chains of his intellect†. Kautilya CHAPTER III KAUTILYAN FOREIGN POLICY Saptanga Concept Of State 16. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent elements of any state[32] and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. Of the seven elements, six (the King, the ministers, the people, the fortified city, the Treasury and the army) are internal elements; only the ally is an element outside the borders. The structure and organization of the six internal elements of a well ordered state are fully developed and explained by Kautilya in books I to 5. The aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing this logic, Kautilya in Book 7 deaIs with all theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy. Before a King actually sets out on an expedition of conquest he has to take steps to guard himself against the dangers which might weaken any of constituent elements of his own state. Kautilya uses the word calamity (vyasana) in th e precise sense of any event which weakens any constituent element of a state, thereby preventing it from being to its full potential in the conduct of foreign policy or war[33]. 17. This theory in one form or another (in part, as elements of national power), has survived to this very day as a mainstay of reflection and analysis of international politics. Kautilya enumerates the desirable qualities each of these elements should display and points out, too, that his list of elements is arranged in descending order of importance: each succeeding element is less important than the one before it, the king being most important of all. A ruler who possesses the elements of state and who wisely takes care of them will never be defeated, he says, and then devotes the whole of Book VIII[34] to a systematic analysis of the troubles and calamities which might befall each one of these elements (in other words, to their malfunctioning). 18. The king is the focal point of analysis; he strives to maintain and improve his position knowing that the determinants of status in international society are two: power and happiness: The possession of power and happiness in a greater degree makes a king superior to another; in a lesser degree, inferior; and in an equal degree, equal. Hence a king shall always endeavour to augment his power and elevate his happiness. 19. Neither power nor happiness is clearly or exhaustively defined or analysed. We know, however, that power is to be understood as strength and that it has three components[35]:- (a) Mantrashakti; Power of counsel, deliberation or decision-making, including capacity for intrigue. (b) Prabhushakti; The treasury and the army. (c) Utsahashakti; Resolve and determination. 20. Thus power refers essentially to activity and application of the elements of the state, just mentioned. Happiness on the other hand is that which can be attained by the use of power. It is to some degree a measure of success of foreign policy and the implementation of its objectives, but it also indicates those qualities such as righteousness and also internal stability and not power alone that enter into the determination of international status. 21. A kings position is not, however, unchanging; his status relative to another king is variable and needs continuous attention. A king prevents deterioration in his position and secures an improvement (a desire for which is a built-in feature of the system) in two ways: by attention to the elements of his power, and by external action. Kautilya enjoins the ruler to pursue power investment: a wise king adopts policies that add to the resources of his country and enable him to build forts, to construct buildings and commercial roads, to open new plantations and villages, to exploit mines and timber and elephant forests, and at the same time to harass similar works of the enemy[36]. Status is also obviously affected by successes in military and other fields, but the king is cautioned to rely on strengthening his own power before embarking upon foreign adventures. According to Kautilya, and here is one of the more interesting portions of his analysis, the kings status read national pow er determines his foreign policy. That policy differs according to whether it is directed toward kings who are superior, inferior or equal to him. The bulk of the international portions of the Arthashastra are a discussion of the policies that may be appropriately pursued by superior or inferior kings[37]. Postulates Of Foreign Policy 22. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations[38]. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that allys as well as ones own self-interest, because an ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemys power[39]. Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of, or advantage to, ones kingdom: War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit. One keeps an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance ones own self-interest as well as the self-interest of the ally, for when one has an army, ones ally remains friendly, or (even) the enemy becomes friendly.[40] Because nations always act in their political, econ omic, and military self-interest, even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies. Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires cannot last forever, and that conflict among smaller states is more common in history. 23. For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest was a timeless truth of his science of politics, or arthasastra. He did not believe that nations never act in an altruistic manner indeed, Kautilya advocated humanitarian acts that also coincided with ones self-interest but he did believe that one must assume, if entrusted with political or military power that ones neighbours will eventually act in their own interests. Put another way, one would be betraying ones own people if one did not assume a worst-case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of neighbouring states is weak and, unless it can change rapidly, doomed to destruction. 24. Arthashastra is concerned with the security and foreign policy needs of a small state, in an environment with numerous other small states. The scope for enlargement of this small state was limited to the Indian subcontinent. The area extending from the Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south and a thousand yojanas[41] wide from East to West is the area of operation of the King-Emperor'[42]. Territories beyond the subcontinent are not included, probably for the reason that the conqueror is expected to establish in the conquered territories a social order based on the Aryas dharma, varna and ashrama system. Kautilya perhaps considered the establishment of such a social order outside the limits of India impractical or even undesirable[43]. 25. The guiding principles which govern the Kautilyan theory of foreign policy are[44]:- (a) A king shall develop his state, i.e., augment its resources and power in order to enable him to embark on a campaign of conquest; (b) The enemy shall be eliminated; (c) Those who help are friends; (d) A prudent course shall always be adopted; (e) Peace is to be preferred to war; and (f) A kings behaviour, in victory and in defeat, must be just. 26. The first verse of {6.2}, ‘Sama vyayamau yogakshemayoryonih ‘The welfare of a state [ensuring the security of the state within its existing boundaries and acquiring new territory to enlarge it] depends on adopting a policy of non-intervention or overt action establish the basis for all foreign policy. 27. This non-intervention, a method designed to build up confidence between kings, is to be understood in a specialized sense. It is not a policy of doing nothing but the deliberate choice of a policy of keeping away from foreign entanglements, in order to enjoy the fruits of past acquisitions by consolidating them. 28. Vyayama, (industry or activity) implies an active foreign policy, Yoga, the objective of enlargement of ones power and influence, and, through these, ones territory. These are the two stages of policy. Both depend on the state making progress, either materially in terms of its treasury and army or diplomatically in terms of its relations with other states. 29. The problem of defence of a state is intimately bound up with the question of its foreign relations. It is from hostile states that the state needs to be defended. Foreign relations are mainly discussed from the stand point of the â€Å"Vijigisu†[45]. In other words, it seeks to show how a state, desirous of extending its influence and expanding its territory, should conduct its relations with foreign states. A states position is determined by its relative progress or relative decline vis-a-vis other states in the neighbourhood. 30. The most important of a kings neighbours is the ‘enemy. Among the states surrounding a kingdom, there is always one who is the natural enemy. Presumably, this is the one neighbour who has designs on the king and, in the absence of any action, will be out to attack the king. The other neighbours may be hostile (aribhavi), friendly (mitrabhavi) or vassal (bhrityabhavi). There may also be a small buffer state between the king and the enemy (antardih). However, the main target of the conqueror is always the designated natural enemy; ‘one cannot make peace with an enemy'[46]. The reason for many aspects of the analysis of foreign policy being couched in terms of the conqueror out manoeuvring the enemy, is that the enemy is also the target of the diplomacy of the conqueror. When the conditions are ripe, a military campaign will be undertaken against him. 31. Allies are important; in fact, allies are described as a ‘constituent element of a state, the only external constituent. An alliance is based on giving help. â€Å"A friend is ever a well-wisher†[47]. Kautilya gives us a comprehensive analysis of the type of kings with whom an alliance is desirable and the types of allies based on their character and motivation. 32. Since prudence should always govern choice of policy, Kautilya is against both spineless submission and foolhardy valour[48]. Therefore, peace should always be preferred to war: ‘When the degree of progress is the same in pursu UK Construction Industry: Health and Safety Analysis UK Construction Industry: Health and Safety Analysis To formulate a Comparative Analysis of the Health and Safety Practices and Procedures to the UK Construction Industry and their application to a Large Commercial Construction Organisation Rebecca Barraclough Table of Contents (Jump to) Rationale Introduction Aims, Objectives Hypothesis Aims Objectives Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Initial Literature Review Methodology 1. Rationale The increased emphasis on health and safety in the construction industry in more recent years is the key influence of this study. In particular the company I am employed by has upped its game in terms of safety measures and places a substantial emphasis on the importance of health and safety. I feel a comparative analysis of the companys performance in comparison to how the rest of the industry is performing would provide them with beneficial information and help to identify strengths and weaknesses within the company. 2. Introduction Health and safety within the workplace has come a long way particularly since the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974. Historically people often accepted that accidents and ill-health were all part of having a job and greater risks were taken without much regard to safety measures. Over time health and safety within the work place has become increasingly dominant with a greater emphasis on safety measures. However, although statistics produced by the Health and safety Executive shows there has been a decline in the number of work place accidents, in the period of 2015/2016 alone 1.3 million working people suffered from a work-related illness. (HSE.gov) It is clear that this still remains a dominant issue and there is room for improvement. Employees, members of public and visitors equally have a right to protection of their health and safety when in and around a work place. Legislation and regulations are firmly in place to regulate this; often issues are identified and improvement notices are issued nevertheless more serious injuries and fatalities are covered by Criminal Law and could lead to major fines and even imprisonment. As reported by the Health and Safety Executive the construction industry is a major employer equating to around 6% of the workforce in the UK. This study will look into the background of health and safety in construction, analysing accident statistics and safety measures. It will include a comparative analysis of the performance of a large commercial construction company compared with other leading contractors within the industry. 3. Aims, Objectives Hypothesis 3.1 Aims To analyse health, safety and welfare performance within the construction industry Compare the performance of a large commercial construction organisation to the wider industry and evaluate behavioural safety within the organisation 3.2 Objectives Background to construction health safety and welfare performance over the last 10 years To identify the 5 highest risk activities in the construction industry and the safety measures implemented to reduce the risk. Compare the performance of a large commercial construction organisation in comparison of how the rest of the industry is performing and evaluate their behavioural safety culture To capture and appraise any emerging trends to consider areas of good performance and possible areas of improvement 3.3 Hypothesis Statistics will show that there has been a decrease in the number of accidents reported to the Health and Safety Executive within the construction industry over the past 10 years 3.4 Null hypothesis Statistics will show that there has been an increase in the number of accidents reported to the Health and Safety Executive within the construction industry over the past 10 years 4. Initial Literature Review 4.1 Health and Safety Defined Health and Safety in general terms can be defined as Regulations and procedures intended to prevent accident or injury in workplaces or public environments (oxforddictionaries.com) 4.2 Health and Safety at Work Everyday masses of people leave the safety of their homes to go to work and earn a living; it is their right to return home at the end of the day free from injury and ill-health. Not only do employers have responsibilities to keep their employees safe but individuals also have a duty to protect their own wellbeing. 4.3 Health and Safety at Work Ack 1974 (HSWA) The Health and Safety at Work Act was introduced in 1974 in attempts to improve health, safety and welfare within the work place. In England, Scotland and Wales this is the primary legislation of health and safety and sets out stringent guidelines and regulations, it also imposes legal duties on both employees and employers. Considerable amount of the legislation within the Act incorporates the recommendations made by Lord Roben in his health and safety at work report, published in 1972. The report aimed to identify any improvements necessary to the health and safety of persons at work by reviewing current provisions. Some of the legal duties imposed on both employers and employees are set out below: Employers Responsibilities; Protect the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees Provide and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without risk to health Have arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risk to health in connection with use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances Provide such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure health and safety at work of employees Maintain any place of work under their control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health, and with access to and egress from it, that are safe and without such risks Provide and maintain an environment that is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards with the welfare of employees (citb 2015, pg 5) Employees Responsibilities: Take responsible care for the health and safety of themselves or others who may be affected by their acts or omissions Co-operate with their employer in all matters relating to health and safety Not intestinally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare Use anything provided by the employer in accordance with instructions Report anything that is thought to be dangerous (citb 2015, pg 6) 4.4 The Health and Safety Commission The Royal Assent of the HSWA was followed by the formation of the The Health and Safety Commission (HSC). The primary responsibility of the HSCs was to ensure the security of peoples health, safety and welfare at work, to protect the public from potential harm caused by work situations and to provide guidance about the provisions enforced with in the Act to local authorities and the Health and Safety Executives. 4.5 The Health and Safety Executive 1975 saw the introduction of The Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The remit of the HSE was to enforce health and safety legislation within the workplace, they consist of health and safety inspectors who visit a workplace without notice and carry out inspections. They have the authority to issue improvement notices or prohibition notices when company/individuals are in breach of health and safety law or in some cases prosecute. 4.6 Health and Safety in Construction The construction industry is diverse and could be seen as one of the higher risk industries due to the nature of works and specialist activities that take place on a construction site. The HSE collate data and statistics on accident rates within the industry, research suggests that 5% of the UK industry is made up from construction. Although this appears to be minimal, figures show that 10% of minor injuries and 22% of fatalities reported occur within this sector. In the period of 2015-2016 they reported that 43 fatalities occurred in the construction industry alone. They estimate that around 4% of employees in construction are affected by a work related illness each year and 3% sustain an injury through work. This would equate to 2.2 million working days lost. With all of this in mind it is clear that the emphasis of health and safety needs to remain a dominant influence. 4.7 Build UK Build UK focuses on key industry issues that can deliver change and enable the construction supply chain to improve the efficiency and delivery of construction projects for the benefit of the UK economy. (builduk.org) Health and safety is one of the issues focused on by Build UK, they aim to identify common standards that would improve health and safety performance and continually strive to improve the management of safety. Currently 27 large contractors are members of Build UK and their accident statistics are recorded annually. Such figures would from a basis for a comparative analysis between some of the leading contractors in the UK in terms of safety performance. 4.8 Statistics At first glance it appears that there has been a decline in the in number of accidents occurring in the construction industry each year. The table below was taken from the labour force survey and shows the trend of self-reported none-fatal injuries per 100,000 workers between the years 2000 to 2016; Source: Labour Force Survey (LFS) 4.9 Behavioural Safety Often many accidents in the workplace could be easily avoided, a significant amount of accidents are caused by unreasonable behaviour or ignorance. Using behavioural safety models within a work place encourages manager and workforce participation and can often influence peoples attitudes and behaviours towards safety. It promotes communication and reinforces safe behaviour. Below is the model used in the behavioural safety programme; Source HSE.GOV 5. Methodology Research can be described as a method of finding out new facts and drawing up conclusions, it is also a way of expanding existing knowledge. Triangulation Triangulation in research can be defined as; using two or more sources using two or more methods more than one researcher exploring the same object A triangulation method is to be used in this study to gather a varied amount of data to reflect the industry and increase validity. Both primary and secondary research will be incorporated; the source of the secondary research will be textbooks, official publications and official statistics. The primary research will include a mixed method approach of questionnaires and interviews. Methodological Model Data Collection Both the primary and secondary research will incorporate a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in attempts to increase the validity of the information collected. There are advantages of both methods; Quantitative; Data can be collected and analysed within a reasonable amount of time Results taken from a sample can be generalized if the response rate is reasonably high and if the sample is representable It is often reliable and repeatable research It can be anonymous and ethical Qualitative; Topics can be explored in depth and with greater detail Uses subjective information Offers flexibility as fewer participants are needed Semi-structured questionnaires including both open and closed ended question will be sent out to participants, a representable sample will be used from the hierarchy of construction to increase the validity of the data; In attempts to increase the response rate a percentage of the questionnaires will be handed out following on from a site induction, I predict that 100% of these will be completed. The remaining will be emailed or handed out in person, in total I estimate that 70% of all questionnaires will returned. Interviews will be carried out as the second part of the primary research; the interviewees will be within a large commercial construction organisation and will include a health and safety manager, a site manager and an operative. There will also be an interview carried on an employee of the HSE; this will be to gain an outside non bias perspective. Data Analysis https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/health_and_safety http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/index.htm http://www.chsg.co.uk/news/health-and-safety-in-the-uk-construction-industry/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/STATISTICS/industry/construction/construction.pdf http://www.kier.co.uk/~/media/Files/K/Kier/Annual%20Reports/annual-reports-2016/download/Kier%20CR%20reporting%20guidelines%20rev%201.pdf