University of Bahrain Essays - Latter Day Saint Movement

University of Bahrain Department of English Language Year: 2016- 2017 The Mormons Research Paper 57150033020 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal Course: American Multiculturalism 411 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal Course: American Multiculturalism 411 The Content The Introduction . Page (3 - 4) The Body .. Page (5 - 7) The Conclusion . Page (8 - 9) References ... Page (10) Introduction Mormons have always had a peculiar hold on the American imagination, but few know who the Mormons actually are or who they claim to be, and their story is one of the great neglected American narratives. Mormonism is a way of life that is practiced by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Over two-thirds of the church's membership is in the United States. However, members are also located in many other countries around the world. Mormons use the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and two other books or revelations to Joseph Smith, founder of the church. These other two revelations are the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. The Mormon organization consists of a three member First Presidency and a twelve man Council of Apostles who make up the major policy-making body of the church. Mormonism's founding doctrine was based on the assumption that Christianity was corrupt and that it was necessary to restore the "true" Christian gospel. The Mormon Church sees only itself as recognized by God. Joseph Smith founded the church in New York in 1830. He said that he had visions of God and other heavenly beings that told him to establish the restored Christian Church. He was "directed" to some thin metal plates that he translated into what is now called the book of Mormons. This book describes the history, wars, and religious beliefs of a group of people who migrated from Jerusalem to America. Smith attracted a small group of followers who settled in Kirtland, Ohio, and Jackson County, Missouri. Because of persecution, the church moved to northern Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. The people of Illinois welcomed the persecuted Mormons, and Smith began to construct a temple and a hotel there. In 1843, Smith secretly instituted the practice of plural marriage among a group of his followers. This could be because he himself had 50 wives. The Mormons lived in relative peace until 1844 when a group became mad about Smith's practices. They started a newspaper called the "Nauvoo Expositor" and attacked him, accusing him of practicing polygamy. Smith denied this charge but was killed anyway. Brigham Young took over as their new leader. In 1852, polygamy was officially announced at the Mormon conference. The Body The Mormon Church Is a conservative religion focused on family values and strong participation in community service. It is an unspoken rule that all men must complete a mission during which time there sent around the world for two years to proselytize and convert others to the Mormon faith. These young boys are taken from their church and the members claim that their faith in the word and the messages received by Joseph Smith is so strong that they are willing to put their faith in the hands of young boys. While an interesting joke, church does have significantly more text than most Christian faiths. In addition to the Old Testament and the New Testament members of the Mormon Church add to their scriptures the book of Mormon, the pearl of great price, and doctrine and covenants. It is said that these additional scriptures were founded by Joseph Smith at the direction of an angel, uncovered and translated in spite of his ignorance and Illiteracy were translated after which they w ere taken back up to heaven. Mormons believe that God has a clear plan for each of us. This plan is thought to have begun before we came to earth, and which will continue after this life. Those beliefs are written in thirteen clear declarations known as: "The Articles of Faith". Many religions have a written creed that clearly establishes beliefs and practices for that religion. The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints does not have such a strict creed as a code of faith; rather they recognize the

Idioms About Distance

Idioms About Distance Idioms About Distance Idioms About Distance By Mark Nichol The English language, rich with idiom, is replete with colorful words and phrases about measurement of distance. Here is a look at some of those expressions, roughly in order of the magnitude of the length being referred to. Colloquial phrases about distances include hairbreadth, referring, as the word indicates, to the thickness of a hair with the connotation of coming within an infinitesimal distance of doing something. The closing of this compound word, first known to have been used in the early 1600s, is unusual, as is the insertion of the plural s in the middle of the plural form: hairsbreadth. Similarly, one can refer to doing something â€Å"by a whisker.† One can also say that that a room or other place is so small, one could not swing a cat in the confined space. Two idioms that do not refer to literal distance but include figurative references to distance follow: To express that someone is not trustworthy, one can write or say, â€Å"I don’t trust [someone] any farther than I can throw him† (or her). To indicate that one does not want to get close to an object or a subject, one can refer to not wanting to touch something or someone with a ten-foot pole- or, rarely, a barge pole (referring to a long pole used to propel a barge, a long, flat boat used for hauling freight or debris, by pushing the pole’s end against the shallow bottom of the waterway). A small but more extensive distance might be described as a hop, skip, and a jump or spitting distance (not to be confused with the much more intimate striking distance, denoting sufficient proximity to hit someone or something), though these expressions refer to more than the literal distance, likely even more than â€Å"a stone’s throw†- literally, the distance one can throw a rock of indeterminate size. Meanwhile, something right in one’s backyard is no great distance. Many people are familiar with the expression â€Å"Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes,† attributed to various American officers during the Battle of Bunker Hill during the Revolutionary War. This admonition to withhold musket fire until the targeted enemy is close enough for a sure shot that justifies the use of precious ammunition had been used repeatedly in various forms for several decades before that conflict, however, and originated with a Swedish king in the early 1600s. It never achieved popular usage, though, even as a figurative expression. An expression from the American South refers to how many looks away a destination is; this term denotes how many landmarks one must look for before arriving. (â€Å"Turn right at the church, then, when you come to a big stump right next to the road, take the next left turn, and it’s right past the creek crossing† represents three or four looks, depending on whether the left turn after the stump counts as a look.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor15 Types of DocumentsWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Colonization of Chile and Mapuche Peoples And Colonization of Peru And Essay

Colonization of Chile and Mapuche Peoples And Colonization of Peru And Incas - Essay Example This essay stresses that both Peru and Chile were colonized by the Spaniards although there are some significant differences. In Peru, they had the support of the natives which was not present in Chile. The Mapuche resisted but the Incas had infighting which weakened them and allowed the colonists to take advantage of the situation. The Spaniards arrived in Peru at the height of the civil war but there was no such disturbance in Chile. The elite Chileans tried to establish themselves as informal authority even before any struggle of independence began but the elite Incas were torn between emancipation and loyalty to the crown. In Peru, the colonists had the support of the local natives which was not present in Chile. This paper makes a conclusion that colonization anywhere in the world has always been confronted with resistance, struggles, and demonstration of power. The colonists always attempt to impose their own culture and laws. The purpose in every case is only to expand their territory and repress people by imposing forced labor. The struggle is reduced if the area to be colonized is internally weak as in the case of Peru. Because of these struggles and the consequent resistance no economic growth takes place in the region. Any development has to demonstrate improvement in the lives of the people and the communities. While the indigenous people have always tried to resist, the elite in every group has been able to muster some amount of support.

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America Research Paper

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America - Research Paper Example The media in America can be seen as the supporters of drugs, like alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine. Both print and visual media show the use of drugs abundantly. The excessive portrayal of drugs and violence in the media has a mighty impact on the teenagers, but the media in America do not take the matter seriously. Therefore, one can find various opinions regarding the presentation of the news of drugs in media. The media picture the use of drugs in different ways. It depicts the public on one side and the drug producers on the other side. The portrayal of drugs in movies and videos has created a desensitized attitude to drugs among the teenagers and the youth. The present article makes out a study on the relationship between media and drugs in the American society, emphasizing how the excessive display of drugs in media has desensitized this matter. Media portray the American youth as affected with sex, drugs, crime, and the illicit substances. The involvement of youth and teenagers with drugs and other substances has made the media think that the use of drug among the children is inseparable from the American way of life. So the media are not at all reluctant in presenting such things, instead, they popularize the use of it. The teenagers are the most likely affected ones by the media. The project Media Portrayal of Teenagers and the Effects by Kiera Gilbert, a student of City Charter High School, focuses on the presentation of teenagers by the media with regard to drugs and other substances. The writer says that in America about 4000 teens at grade 6 smoke tobacco for the first time and half of these teens become addicted to smoking. The media play a crucial role in the enhancement of it among the teens, as the presentation of drugs in media is connected with the glamorizing the habit. The writer makes the points clearer by stating that â€Å"cigarette advertising increases teenagers’ risk of smoking by glamorizing smoking and smokers† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The media have played a key role in the increasing alcoholism among the teens in the nation. â€Å"Alcohol drinks are the most common beverages portrayed on TV and 56% of students on grades 5-12 say alcohol advertising encourages them to drink† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The use of drugs remains to be a common phenomenon in America. Lloyd D. Johnson et al in their seminal book Drug Use among American High School Seniors, College Students and young Adults, 1975- 1990 point out the fact that the use of alcohol and cigarette start at the school level. He establishes that the use of illicit drugs is initiated by sixth grade among the students. He asserts that 19% of students in sixth grade use cigarette and 11% use alcohol. With regard to the use of the drugs like marijuana and inhalants, the rate is 2.8% among the students at the grade sixth. When the students reach the 9th grade, the rate is increased to a greater level (Johnston et al., 1991, p. 9). Drugs, sex and violence are closely related to the media that focus these elements. A study was carried out by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman of Iowa University, in which they could analyze the involvement of media and the violence of children. They found out that children and youth who play violent video games are prone to show aggressive behavior towards others. The exposure of

Translation Approaches Essay Example for Free

Translation Approaches Essay The development of trade and industry has always given rise to changes in the evolution of communities, bringing about new social forms and stratification of society. This in its turn accelerated the appearance of businesses and factories, arrival of new professions, and urbanization. Since the times of Perestroika (which was started in 1989 by Mikhail Gorbatchev) Russian society has been experiencing dramatic changes that affected the countrys politics, economy and social life. In the past 15 years peoples attitudes to certain things have changed gradually but profoundly. We have gotten so used to these new attitudes that its hard to believe it hasnt always been like this. With the arrival of the 21st century we have experienced changes in the economic, legal, technological and other areas which affect our everyday lives. Social changes entail linguistic transformations. Russians in their everyday life got used to certain terms to the point that they no longer consider them terms—ATM machine (Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚); deposit (Ð ´Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚); account (Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚); contract (Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚); download (Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); etc. The terminology of international development is constantly evolving as new socioeconomic concepts emerge. In over 10 years the writer has witnessed the appearance of a number of neologisms, either entirely new terms or established terms used with a different meaning 1. In different societies this process may take different directions depending on the needs and wants of its people. In Russian society an explosive growth of terms pertaining to the economic and computer areas can be observed. Russians largely borrow these terms from the languages of countries with a longer capitalistic and technological tradition (like the USA, for example), thus bringing English words and expressions into the language. Though some of these borrowings have corresponding equivalents in Russian, the English terms are being extensively used by the population, as further evidence of the social changes that have taken place in the country (a similar process would have been inconceivable in the cold war period). Translation is undoubtedly a social phenomenon. Translators choices are influenced not only by the source language text and the peculiarities of the target audience, but also by the era to which the translator belongs—in translating for the modern reader it is necessary to take into consideration creative traditions, literary norms and conventions that are familiar to the reader of a certain society. Nowadays, due to various political changes and dynamic economic and technological growth, the Russian language has acquired numerous terms, which very quickly migrate from the class of neologisms to the category of familiar and frequently used words. Few of these words (computer terms, for example) do not possess the corresponding equivalent in Russian; many of them do have a Russian (very often explanatory) equivalent. For instance, such nouns as brand, merger, summit, default, deposit, site, spam, tuner, web surfing and adjectives as local, creative, top have equivalents in Russian, but the new foreign word is usually preferred (the tendency as a rule is started by the mass media). this may be explained by the fact that a borrowing often has a semantic compactness, whereas a Russian equivalent has a descriptive character—in some cases a whole sentence must be used. So translators have to deal with the problem of either choosing a popular borrowing or go with the equivalent already existing in the language. Translators of a new generation prefer not to translate so-called Americanisms and foreign food names, as they are familiar to people of all countries, and the translator no longer has the absolute need to always find a translation of a term in the target language if this would make the target-language text lose credibility. This is called excessive translation. An excessive translation is a translation that fails to foreignise/exoticise, i. e. , use source-language terms in the target-language text, to the degree that is now acceptable2. Those educated in the 60s, 50s and earlier strongly believe that foreign equivalents should be avoided, especially when a corresponding term or notion exists in the language: In very rare cases, only when its absolutely necessary for the narration of a character to use a foreign word, a Russian equivalent is always better and more appropriate. This holds true for newspapers and journals, and is hundredfold more important in fiction. 3 Certainly appearing of new criteria to what should be called an adequate translation affected the translation of fiction. Thats why new translations of novels already translated into Russian appeared recently. The most popular ones are the translations of F. S. Fitzgeralds novels The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night. The general tendency is a frequent use of anglicisms in the TL, even though they are not present in the text of the original: Now it has become a summer resort of notable and fashionable people; in 1925 it was almost deserted after its English clientele went north in April; only the cupolas of dozen old villas rotted like water lilies among the massed pines4. The phrase a summer resort of notable and fashionable people in Russian corresponds to many various bungalows have been built (Ð ­Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ã' Ã µÃ ¹Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ³Ã °Ã »Ã ¾). For no obvious reason, the translator uses a nowadays fashionable world bungalow, which is not even present in the original English text. Other examples might include the following translating inconsistencies (fraternity was translated into Russian translation by the equivalent of student corporations; market umbrella was translated as huge tent). In all cases Russian equivalents could be used (as were in the previous translation by E. D. Kalashnikova). There is also a number of colloquial words and expressions unnecessarily used in the new translation: cafe is translated as kafeshka (a diminutive form for cafe); specious reasoning is translated as tufta (a colloquial word, meaning malarkey, crap); horse-trader as torgash (a derisive synonym of merchant, could be translated as torgovets or, as it was in Kalashinkovas version, barishnik); worlds bazaar received an equivalent of world market (it sounded so much nicer in Kalashnikovas translation as lifes fair—jarmarka zhizni). The only positive trend in the new translation philosophy is that, instead of generalizing or omitting certain notions (which didnt exist in the Soviet society), the exact specific equivalent can be used: terrier is now present in the Russian language, although in the first translation it had to be translated as little dog (pjosik); cauliflower had to be translated as cabbage. The use of these nouns is possible thanks to the economic transformations on the Russian market, not because of a translators talent. First translations of the novels that werent published in Russia before due to a number of reasons, for example, explicit descriptions of sexuality, have also appeared. John Updikes novels, known for his pointillist style5 filled with sharp realistic descriptions, have just recently become available to the Russian reader. On the whole, the artistic qualities of Updikes style are not lost in these translations. However, certain translating choices are not very clear mostly due to the fact that the effect produced by the original is not the same as the one produced by the translation. In Rabbit, Run, Updikes most famous novel, there are instances when women characters appear less appealing in Russian than in the original. Rabbits wife, who, being compared to his mistress, is described as mysterious, an opaque and virginal wife6 in Russian turned into an incomprehensible, sullen and indifferent boulder7 (Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã'€Ã'ŽÐ ¼Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ³Ã »Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ¹)—clearly, the translator is taking the mistresss side in this situation. The same mistress, when Rabbit is thinking about returning to her, reasonably inquires How would you support me? . 8 In Russian this stylistically neutral phrase changes into a rude vulgar expression meaning On what a fig would you feed me? (Na kakie shishi ti budesh menja kormit)9. The references that we have about certain phenomena are not always taken into consideration. When describing the Springers the author remarks on some of their qualities, which are thoroughly meshed into the strategies of middle-class life. 10 In Russian strategies of middle-class life become petit bourgeois way of life11 (Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¶Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã · Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸)—an expression that has a very negative connotation for the Russian reader. Somehow, in other situations, rather emotional English equivalents are substituted by neutral Russian words. In the phrase The reason Fosnacht keeps getting Billy all this expensive crap is probably he feels guilty for leaving him12 the word crap which shows Rabbits negative and scornful attitude to the discussed problem is translated by the noun things (shtuki), in translation the whole communicative aim of this situation is lost. 13 Russian linguists, who assign great importance to the communicative function of the process of translation, are certainly concerned about the quality of the published translations. Maybe this is one of the reasons why so many articles devoted to the problems of Linguistic Pragmatics are being published. Linguistic Pragmatics underlines the necessity of interpreting the situation and analyzing the communicative possibilities of how it can be perceived by those involved in this communicative process, thus providing the basis for human interaction. The translation, viewed within the framework of Linguistic Pragmatics, concentrates not on the semantic meaning of the SL text, but on its communicative aim. Questions about translation quality push Applied Linguistics to a new stage of development (because it includes the science of translation). Arguments on how to treat numerous neologisms and borrowings arriving into the Russian language have revived the advancement of Lexicography—the science of dictionary compiling. Online dictionaries gain more significance for both specialists and amateur users. As online dictionaries can be regularly updated, their users wont have to deal with the problem of outdated vocabulary, which will still exist in the database, but with the necessary markers. Specialized vocabulary is duly marked and all the possible combinations are represented in the database, for e. g. the noun balance has many meanings pertaining to different spheres such as aviation, automobile industry, banking, biology, mining, bookkeeping, etc. , but hyperlinks take users to the needed meaning in seconds. Therefore in the 21st century, when effective communication has become the center of our professional lives, the importance of finding better ways of translating is increasing. Due to globalization and establishment of transnational corporations, new criteria appear of what can be regarded as an adequate translation. Introducing neologisms and borrowings into translation of articles from magazines and scientific journals might be viewed as a modern and open-minded approach; however translators should be extremely careful about not overloading fiction with unnecessary foreign expressions. It is important to remember at whom the translation is targeted and what communicative effect it is supposed to produce. The debates about what can be considered an equivalent translation give rise to a new stage of development of Applied Linguistics and other linguistic sciences, which are becoming more and more concerned about achieving communicative excellence in the modern world. Formation of English Neologisms Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. The use of word-formative means (suffixes, prefixes, composition). Among the most productive neologism-formative suffixes are –ian, -ation: Ballistician – Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ µ ( as musician, physician, etc); Commodification – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ ³ Ð ² Ð ºÃ °Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ¹ ( as simplification). Other productive neologism-formative suffixes are: -ship brinkmanship – Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹; craftsmanship – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã' Ã'‹; showmanship – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ °Ã ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€ Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã ¼; Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ·Ã ° -dom bangdom – Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼; bogdom – Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã º; suckerdom Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã ´Ã µÃ'† -ize  itemize – Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ºÃ'‚Ð °Ã ¼; institutionalize – Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; unionize – Ð ±Ã'‹Ã' ‚Ã'Å' Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'„Ã' Ã ¾Ã'ŽÐ ·Ã ° Neologisms formed via composition are constantly appearing in the English language as well: Laptop (= notebook) – Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã'… Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µ Ð ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ½Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °); Know-how – Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'Æ'-Ã'…Ð °Ã'Æ', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' ; Stay-in – Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã ºÃ µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; Sit-in – Ã' Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °; Buy-in –Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ° (Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ·Ã ° Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã'†Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¶Ã µ); Shut-down – Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ, Ð »Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  (Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °); Brain-drain – Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²; Has-been – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ. Here the challenge for a translator is to preserve the style of a news headline and at the same time give an adequate russian variant of a headline: â€Å"Russia: the brain-drain drains technological progress† – â€Å"Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã'  : Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 2. Recomprehension of the existing words. It means that well-known words acquire new meanings. For example, the word summit which is frequently used in news headlines and is traditionally rendered into Russian Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °, Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'  Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° acquired the new meaning in the late 70-is: Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ¼ Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã µ, Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ². Here is another example. The medical term domino denotes an operation during which a surgeon transplants patient A with a heart and lungs of the donor who has died of brain hemorrhage, and patient B is transplanted with an old heart of patient A. This neologism emerged in the 80-s as a result of the re-comprehension of the word domino the game in which each die is divided into two equal parts. The basic meaning of the word colour-blind is Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °, Ð ´Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. In the last quarter of the 20-th century it acquired the new meaning – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¸ Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ (Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹) Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ¶Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¸. The word shuttle originated as Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã º (Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÐ ²Ã µÃ ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã'‹). Via recomprehension of its original meaning it acquired several new ones: Ð ºÃ ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã »Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  (shuttle spaceship); Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'†, Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ·Ã ° Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã µÃ ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µ Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã µ (shuttle trader). A big amount of neologisms formed in this way have appeared in computer terminology: Web – Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã °Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ° (ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚); Mouse – Ð ¼Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Å'; Site – Ã' Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚ (Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ² ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ); Browser – Ð ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ³Ã ». to browse – Ð ±Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); Serve – Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ to serve – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã' Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'). When making a translation of a news headline containing a neologism formed by means of recomprehension it is recommended either to keep to the method of descriptive translation or give the transliteration of the neologism with the following explanation which as a rule is to be found in the beginning of the article : â€Å"The country’s fifth domino was carried out in Arizona† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð µ Ð Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'   «Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «Sunday Times »). (The set-out of the russian variant reads: ДÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã » Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð °Ã º Ã'Æ'Ð ¶ Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾. ОÐ ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ´Ã ºÃ µ Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ², Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Ð  Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¸ Ð »Ã µÃ ³Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °, Ð ° Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Б Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ). 3. Abbreviations and acronyms. Here are the abbreviations most widely used in news headlines: S. W. I. F. T. – The Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications; TCB – take care of business – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã '‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã µ; Benelux – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg – БÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ºÃ' ; CCFF – Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility. (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ'…Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸ Ã'‡Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð °Ã ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' , Ð ¡Ã ¡Ã ¤Ã ¤); CPI – Consumer Price Index (ИÐ ½Ã ´Ã µÃ ºÃ'  ПÐ ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ð ¦Ã µÃ ½, ИПÐ ¦); EFTA – European Free Trade Association (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð Ã' Ã' Ã ¾Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¢Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã ¸, ЕÐ Ã ¡Ã ¢); EMS – European Monetary System (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã °, ЕВÐ ¡); IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º Ð  Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ à   Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , Ð’Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º); IMF – International Monetary Fund (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¤Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´, ÐÅ"Ð’Ð ¤); OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ­Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ð  Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , ОÐ ­Ã ¡Ã  ); SDR – Special Drawing Rights (Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ¡Ãâ€Ã  ); SNA – System of National Accounts (Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã ° Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã ², Ð ¡Ã Ã ¡); VER – Voluntary Export Restraints (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ºÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‚Ð °): â€Å"OECD board meeting takes place on Monday† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã µÃ ´ Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ² ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  ( «Business Week »). Semantic transformations are inescapable when dealing with news headlines. The incentive for it is a huge amount of the so called headline vocabulary in the English language, often referred to as headlinese, which demands certain modifications when making a translation. Here is a list of words from the  «headline slang »: ban, bid, claim, crash, cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz, rap, Red, rush, slash. These short words which can be easily inserted into a headline are characterized by a wide field of their use. Thus, bid is not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã ²Ã ºÃ °,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ °, but also Ã'ˆÐ °Ã ³,Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °, Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢; hit —not only Ð ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ'€Ð ±,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å',but Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾, Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'… ; pact — not only Ð ¿Ã °Ã ºÃ'‚,Ã' Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€, but Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ °, Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ã' Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; probe — not only Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ, but Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µ,Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ºÃ ° as well; quit —not only Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', but also Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °, Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; quiz — not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' ,but Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐ ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ·Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‹. It is important to point out that such words have already almost utterly replaced their synonyms in news headlines. Thus, ban taken the place of forbid and prohibit; rap — of criticize, reprimand, interrogate. Wide semantics of headline words demand context-conditioned transformations in the translation. In the majority of  cases concrete definition (hyponimic transformation) takes place in the Russian variant. The accurate sense of the headline is as usual revealed in the beginning of the article: Minebea Fous Trafalgar-Glen Bid(The Independent). Comp. The article’s outset : Minebea Corp, of Japan, the worlds largest maker of precision bearings, has foiled a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group, the Kyodo News Service reported Friday. Here the outset takes away the polysemy of the headline word replacing it by the corresponding equivalent which is included into the concretizing and defining context : Trafalgar-Glen Bid — a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group. In that way the translation may sound as follows: :ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' or ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Ž. Polysemic interprepretation of a news headline can also be conditioned by the use of certain syntactic constructions, nominal phrases in particular, which can be interpreted in different ways, for instance : Benn Blasts Tory Nuclear Cover-up. (The Times). It is impossible to translate the phrase Ð ¢Ã ¾rÃ'Æ' Nuclear Cover-up† without the context. Alternative versions are possible because of the bearing word of the phrase – cover up – derived from the phrasal verb to cover up Ã'‚Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾. But the main difficulty originates from the elliptic character of the whole phrase. The clue to the accurate interpretation of the phrase lies in the article’s outset : Labour MP Ð ¢Ã ¾nÃ'Æ' Benn last night accused the government of totally misleadingthe British people about nuclear power. Thus, cover-up means here not merely â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ , but also â€Å"Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , and the omitted element in the nominal phrase above is power (Tory nuclear cover-up—Tory nuclear power cover-up). The following variants of translation are possible: БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸ or БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸. In the instance above the main difficulty connected with the interpretation of the nominal phrase is determined by its elliptic structure. In the following news headline elliptic structure is combined with the polysemy of semantic relations between the phrase components: â€Å"Power Station Action Starts Today (â€Å"The Times†). In this case power station can be realated to action as : 1) the agent, 2) the object, 3) the adverbial modifier of place. What is more, the phrase might be supposed to be characterized by semantic incompletness. The answers to these questions are to be found in the set-out: Todays Start of national industrial action in Britains power stations forms the background to the biennial Conferences of the electricians union in Scarborough. Hence power station is related to action as an adverbial modifier and the element omitted is the word combination industrial action Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °. Thus the Russian variants may be as follows: Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ½Ã ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã'…Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‚. It is important to notice the essential difference between Russian and English news headlines. This difference mainly denotes the extent to which the article contents are reflected in the headline. The authors of the British and American news article keep to the following principle when creating headlines: : Headlines should tell the story†. Thus a headline is the compressed to the limit variant of the main text :Dusseldorfs State Gallery Proves a Mausoleum for Mummified Modernism; First Chicago Bank Says Profit Rose 58% for Initial Period. (The Sun). The Russian news headlines are based on a different principle: as a rule they place an emphasis on one element of the text contents – â€Å"Ðâ€"Ð °Ã'…Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ·Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «Ãâ€™Ã µÃ'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ ÐÅ"Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã º) » . In such cases additional information is required because the method of literal translation does not guarantee an adequate English variant. Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. Inversion. This transformation is demanded by a fixed word order in the English sentence. It is often conditioned on the degree of compatibility freedom in both languages : â€Å"Most favoured nation trading status† – â€Å"Ð ¡Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'  Ð ½Ã °Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «The Economist »). Polynomial word combinations which are frequently used for creating news headlines in the British and American periodicals often include attributes which represent a full sentence: â€Å"The no-room-at-the-inn incident† – â€Å"ИÐ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚, Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚ Ð ² Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «The Sun »). The principle of the translation of such news headlines includes the following steps : 1. To figure out the bearing word; 2. To select semantic groups; 3. To make a t ranslation starting with the bearing word. 2. The replacement of parts of speech or parts of a sentence. In some cases the replacement of certain parts of speech or members of sentence is required in order to achieve adequate translation: â€Å"Bill Clinton faces bypass operation † – â€Å"БÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã'Æ' КÐ »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'Æ' Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'ˆÃ'Æ'Ð ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"International Herald Tribune†). It is the syntactical and semantic transformation that the sentence undergoes in the above case – the definite clause is replaced by the indefinite one due to the peculiarities of the Russian language. Thus, the simple predicate faces in the English headline is substituted for the complex verbal predicate Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ in the Russian variant. 3. Word addition is required in order to clear up the meaning of a headline and deliver adequate translation: â€Å"For Bush it’s the man (not a detailed plan) that matters† – â€Å"ДÐ »Ã'  БÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ° Ð ²Ã °Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã »Ã °Ã ½, Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  ( «International Herald Tribune »). The laconism of the English language allows to omit the subordinate clause we add to the Russian variant without any significant changes in the meaning. As one can observe, apart from the method of word addition the method of inversion is also used in this case. Another example is:  «Feel the hate, fear and loathing in New York »  «ÃÅ¸Ã ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ, Ã'†Ð °Ã'€Ã' Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð Ã'Å'Ã'Ž-ЙÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune »); â€Å"U. S. reservist convicted over abuse in Iraqi prison† – â€Å"Ð Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ ½ Ð ·Ã ° Ð ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ¸Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ã'ŽÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 4.  Literal translation can take place in case of the similarity of the syntactical structure and word order in the English and the Russian sentence. In this case the English news h eadline may be rendered into Russian without any significant changes. Here it is possible to omit an article or any other functional word or to change the semantic character of a word. Literal translation should not be mixed with a word-for-word translation which always leads to a mistake. Exampler of the use of literal translation method:  «Lebanon extends term of its president »  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã µÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð °Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms. The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1) The structure of news headlines often includes free word combinations. Thus, their peculiarities are worth considering when translating a headline. In free word combinations words preserve their meanings. That is why when translating a free word combination it is necessary to know the translation of each of its components. In case there are no corresponding linguistic items in the Russian language to the English ones the translation method to be used is called replication. Replication means that all the components of a word combination are rendered without any changes. Thanks to the method of replication there is a huge amount of international notions which are widely used in news headlines: †¢ Shuttle diplomacy Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ´Ã ¸Ã ¿Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' ; †¢ Vicious circle – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ºÃ'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³; †¢ Head of the government – Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ²Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Free economic zone – Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °; †¢ Maldistribution of costs – Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚; †¢ Jobless rate – Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹:  «Jobless rate tips lower in France » –  «Ãâ€™Ã ¾ Ð ¤Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹.  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). It should be noted however that replication does not mean mere mechanical rendering of the meanings of a free word combination components. These components often stay in complicated relationships with each other. Even the most simple attributive groups which coincide in their structure with the Russian combinations â€Å"Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ+Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (A+N: Adjective+Noun) can be difficult to translate because: 1. An English word (adjective in the function of an attribute) can be translated in different ways depending on the meaning of a noun that follows: †¢ Public opinion – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ Public debt – Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³; †¢ Public scandal – Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ´Ã °Ã »:  «Public debt of Lybia increases by 2,8 % over 8 months » –  «Ãâ€œÃ ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³ ЛÐ ¸Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ð ·Ã ° 8 Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'†Ð µÃ ² Ð ½Ã ° 2,8 %  » ( «The Economist »). 2. The Russian variant bears a preposition: †¢ Europian securiy – Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ; †¢ Stateless citizen – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Terrorist trial – Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´ Ð ½Ã °Ã ´ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸; †¢ Commercial revolution – Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'„Ð µÃ'€Ð µ Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ½Ã ºÃ °: „Who is to be responsible for European Security? â€Å" – „КÃ'‚Ð ¾ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ? â€Å"(„The Timesâ€Å"). 3. Components of an attributive group are shifted: †¢ Working expectancy – Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸; †¢ Administrative efficiency – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾:  «Crisis overcome due to administrative efficiency »  «Ãâ€˜Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã'€Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). 2)News headlines can be well characterized by the frequent use of phraseological units. Phraseological units are more or less stable word combinations the meaning of which is determined by the whole unit but not by the meanings of each of its components: †¢ It’s high time – Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °; †¢ Take your time – Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å'; †¢ Help yourself – Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å':  «A new delicious production of â€Å"Kaligula†: theatrical epicures, please help yourself »  «Ã Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'‹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °  «ÃÅ¡Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'‹Â » Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã'‚Ð µÃ °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã‚ » ( «The Daily Telegraph »). British and American news headlines are rich in both figurative and non-figurative phraseological units. Non-figurative phraseological units are also called fraseological combinations. The components in them preserve their meanings but combine with certain words only, that is why it is impossible to change them ad arbitruim: †¢ To take measures – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã'‹; †¢ To make a decision – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ To achieve results – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²; †¢ To pay attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ); †¢ To draw attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã'‡Ã'Å'Ð µ-Ã'‚Ð ¾):  «Troops start storming school in Beslan – who makes decision?  » –  «ÃÅ¡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã » Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼ Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'‹ Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µ?  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). The translation of non-figurative phraseological expressions into Russian can be carried out in two different ways: The 1st method – the expression is rendered into one Russian word: †¢ To take a risk – Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To have a rest – Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'…Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To take offence – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; †¢ To take a nap – Ð ²Ã ·Ã ´Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å':  «Does NTT general director take big risks?  »  «Ã ¡Ã µÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ·Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð »Ã ¸ Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ³Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã'€ Ð ­Ã ½-Ã'‚Ð ¸-Ã'‚Ð ¸?  » ( «The Times†). The 2d method – a phraseological unit is rendered into equivalent combinations (absolute and relative): a) absolute equivalents: o shadow cabinet – Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚; o to hit the target – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'; o golden share – Ð ·Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð °Ã ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã' ; o to put an end to – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'†, Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'; o the root of the trouble – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °; o to read between lines – Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ' Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º: â€Å"Terrorism – where root of trouble to be found† – â€Å"Ð ¢Ã µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ – Ð ² Ã'‡Ð µÃ ¼ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °? † ( «International Herald Tribune »). b) relative equivalents: o to take into account – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to make a point – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to jump at conclusions – Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'ˆÐ ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‹; o moment of silence – Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‡Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o ups-and-downs – Ð ²Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o at the worlds end – Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'Ž Ã' Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °; o think tank – Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'€; o token strike – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °:  «Ups-and-downs of Rolex: brief outlook on history »  «Ãâ€™Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð  Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °: Ð ²Ã ·Ã ³Ã »Ã' Ã ´ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¸Ã‚ » ( «Business Week »). All in all, to whatever extent the components of a phraseological unit might be semantically connected, the main rule when making a translation is to observe the norms of the Russian language and avoid literal translation and violation of the Russian set expressions. Figurative phraseological units are also known as idioms. Idioms can be often found in news headlines as well. An idiom is a set  expression (conversational formula) the meaning of which does not arise from the sum of its components meanings: o through thick and thin –Ð ²Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ±Ã'‹ Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ¸ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã »Ã ¾; o tooth and nail – Ð ½Ã µ Ð ¶Ã °Ã »Ã µÃ'  Ã' Ã ¸Ã », Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ °Ã ²Ã °; o its raining cats and dogs – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ´Ã'Å' Ð »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ¸Ã · Ð ²Ã µÃ ´Ã'€Ð °; o to be caught red-handed Ð ±Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' :  «US guardsman caught red-handed »  «Ã Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ » ( «International Herald Tribune »). When translating idioms one ought to use their Russi an equivalents.

The Management Skills Of A Farm Manager Management Essay

The Management Skills Of A Farm Manager Management Essay My position for this assignment is as a farm manager. Farm management deals with the organization operation of a farm with the objective of maximizing profits from the farm business on a continuing basis. The farm manager needs to adjust his farm organization from year to year to keep abreast of changes in methods, price variability resources available to him.   Topic 1.   Management skills As a farm manager I discussed leadership as management skills. Leadership means knowing when to lead and when to allow others to lead. Farm managers are employed by farm owners or tenants to make sure the farm runs efficiently and profitably. They may run a whole farm or just part of it, such as an arable (crops) unit. As a farm manager, you could work on one of three main types of farm livestock (animals), arable (crops) or mixed (animals and crops). Your work would depend partly on the type of farm, but could include: planning the running of the farm setting budget and production targets buying and selling animals or produce keeping financial records and records of livestock and/or crops Recruiting, training and supervising staff. Farm managers must know what crops will be profitable during a growing season based on factors such as disease, weather projections and market fluctuations in prices of domestic farm products, according to the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. They then must develop planting and harvesting schedules and supervise farm employees. Farm managers also must know how to apply fertilizer and pesticides to crops, or they must care for  animals  and lead breeding activities if they manage livestock farms. Farm management training programs teach students how to perform these many critical responsibilities. A farm leader is persistent in achieving the goal that will benefits others (as well as him- or herself). A farm leader is patient in their persistence; although the leader wants to achieve the goal as quickly as possible, the farm leader will not abandon the effort just because the goal is not achieved immediately. Instead, the leader will explore alternatives if one strategy did not lead to fulfilling the goal, a leader will look for another strategy. A farm leader develops their successor; no one will last forever but a person who is committed to the goal that benefits a group, will take steps to assure the group continues to strive for the goal even after the farm leadership has transferred to other people. Topic 2.   Strategic planning What are some of the basic questions to be addressed in a strategic plan?   Strategic planning is the formal consideration of an organizations future course. All strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions: What do we do? For whom do we do it? How do we excel? How might a manager facilitate strategic planning?  Ã‚  HINT Review the decision making process addressed earlier in the semester.   The preparatory phase of a strategic business plan of a farm manager relies on planning. The first phase of a strategic business plan include: Analysis of the current situation past year Business trends analysis Market analysis Competitive analysis Market segmentation Marketing-mix SWOT analysis Positioning analyzing perceptions Sources of information Marketing plan strategy objectives next year Marketing strategy Desired market segmentation Desired marketing-mix TOWS-based objectives as a result of the SWOT Position perceptual gaps Yearly sales forecast What are some of the similarities and some of the differences between strategic planning and the decision making process? Strategic planning is the process that clearly defines business objectives and assesses both the internal and external situation to formulate and implement the strategy, evaluate the progress, and make adjustments as necessary to stay on track. On the other hand decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes (cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice. Topic 3.   Information  management:   address the following questions.   Many of you are involved or will likely be involved in a business.   In one sentence, identify the type of business, such as an agricultural supply firm, or a grain farm, or a feedlot operation, or a food processing plant. As a farm manager I would like to involve in agricultural supply firm. What type of market and production information is needed to operate that type of business and where will that information be found?   Is the market and production information  likely to be public  or private?  Ã‚  How do you know it will be public or private information?   How does the answer to this question relate to the level of competition the business faces? (HINT:   consider and apply relevant economic theory to the business you are considering (characteristics of competition).)   The type of market and production information which is needed to operate aggrictural suppy farm is An  agricultural cooperative. It also known as a  farmers co-op, is a  cooperative  where  farmers  pool their resources in certain areas of activity. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between  agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually farming members, and  agricultural production cooperatives, where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly.[1]  Agricultural production cooperatives are relatively rare in the world, and known examples are limited to  collective farms  in  former socialist countries  and thekibbutzim  in Israel.  Worker cooperatives  provide an example of production cooperatives outside agriculture. The default meaning of  agricultural cooperative  in English is usually an agricultural  service  cooperative, which is the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives,  supply cooperative  and  marketing cooperative. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including  seeds,  fertilizers,  fuel, and  machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on  credit cooperatives  as a source of financing for both working capital and investments. Where will you find the information; that is, what type of sources willl you use  (e.g., government agencies, private firms, your own research)?   What type of data banks will you use?   Be sure to cite appropriate examples of data sources, such as government web sites. The information must be private. Topic  4.  Risk Management  Ã‚   Address the following questions in this  part of the  memo.  Ã‚   What risks or  uncertainties does or will your business face?   Why do you consider them risks or  uncertainties?   How did  you identify or recognize them?   How do you assess them or measure the amount of risk or uncertainty?   How do you prepare for them?   What is the rationale for your risk management decision? Consider the ideas on risk management presented in the Kay text. Risk can be described as  the uncertainty  or  the unknown  relating to an action or an activity. For example, the outcome of an action or event could be better than expected or less than expected. As a farm manger the risk or uncertainties the business face/ identify/ recognize and prepare are: Production/technical risk Price/market risk Financial risk Legal risk Personal risk Availability of labor Availability of capital Equipment breakdown Health of the business owner Natural disasters such as rain, drought, storms, floods, etc. Power outage following a storm or other natural disaster Natural event that damages your product, such as e-coli entering the food system Availability of transportation Changing government regulations Business activity or event that violates an environmental regulation Availability of a market in which to sell our product or service Topic 5.   Position description and performance review Farm manager Position description Farm managers raise animals, tend crops, plan strategies for maximum yield, organise farm administration, work machinery, organise associated businesses and manage staff. They need to have technical and practical competence, coupled with the ability to make sound business decisions. Farms are generally arable, dairy or livestock, run by management companies or single-owner farmers. Crops range from cereals, oil seed rape and potatoes to vegetables and salad crops. Livestock are usually pigs, cows or sheep. Farm managers must appreciate the need to satisfy regulations set by the  Department for Environment, Food Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (http://www.defra.gov.uk)  for safe, high-quality produce farmed in an environmentally sustainable manner. Typical work activities Farm managers are responsible for planning, organising and managing the activities of a farm to meet the objectives of the owner. Typical work activities include: planning finances and production to maintain farm progress against budgeted parameters; practical activities, e.g., driving tractors, operating machinery, feeding livestock, spraying fields, etc; marketing the farms products; buying supplies, such as fertiliser and seeds; arranging the maintenance and repair of farm buildings, machinery and equipment; planning activities for trainee staff, mentoring and monitoring them; maintaining and monitoring the quality of yield, whether livestock or arable crops; Work conditions An assistant or trainee farm manager can expect to start on around  £22,000 (salary data collected Sep 09). After two years training, salaries rise to around  £28,000. Experienced farm managers earn in the region of  £60,000. Senior posts, including those in a consultancy or advisory role, can pay in excess of  £70,000 (salary data collected Sep 09). Salaries are usually dependent on experience and the size of the farm. Other benefits usually include farm produce, a pension scheme and private health insurance. Continuing professional development (CPD), e.g., in crop management is now available. Farm managers may also have accommodation included as part of their salary package, and/or the use of a vehicle and phone. Entry requirements Previous hands-on farming experience and technical knowledge are as important as academic qualifications, and some employers may appoint candidates on the basis of their experience alone. However, a degree is greatly valued and most farm managers hold at least a degree or HND/Foundation degree in agriculture, or a related subject. In particular, the following subjects may improve your chances: agriculture; farm business management; crop management; horticulture; land/estate management; agricultural engineering. Training Lantra: The Sector Skills Council for the Environmental and Land-based Sector (http://www.lantra.co.uk)  runs a variety of regional and national courses. These include short courses at all levels, from training on specific kinds of equipment, such as chainsaws, through to assessing and validating NVQs up to level 5   a trainee assistant farm manager would be working towards NVQ Level 4 in the first instance. Career development Most beginners in farm management expect to start as an assistant or by managing an enterprise, such as a pig unit, depending on their interests. After that, experience can progress to more responsibility and management. Most farms now are focused on a single activity so, in order to gain a broad range of experience, a farm manager may move from one farm to another. Different areas of the country specialise in different types of production as the climate and soil Farm manager Performance reviews are often used as a tool for evaluating employee raises, potential layoffs, productivity metrics and  job  security. Therefore, farm manager job performance reviews naturally create stress on the part of the manager reviewing an employee and the employee being assessed. With farm manager review, planning and inclusion of detail, farm managers can create job performance reviews for their employees that foster increased productivity, ensure clarity of goals and simultaneously lower the stress of the review process.

Operation management †London eye case study Essay

â€Å"Quality means consistence conformance to costumer expectations† (Slack, Chambers & Johnston 2010 pg 40) Quality for the London eye could mean designing a structure that provides a bird’s eye view of London. Quality could also mean a high design of their processes, including ensuring that all 32 capsules are cleaned, staff are well trained in health and safety and are always professional at all times. Quality also means the London eye is safe and reliable. Quality also means that the timed admissions booking systems (TABS) is on time. Quality could also mean error free processing for their timed admissions system. Quality means that all parts for the London eye is made to specification and the assembly is made to specifications. Speed objectives: Speed within the operation could mean minimising the time it takes costumers from boarding to disembarking. Speed could also mean minimising the time it takes from designing and planning the London eye to the completion of construction to the London eye. Speed could also mean providing a high throughput rate during the year to cope with passengers demand. Example – The London eye take approximately six million people each year the London eye would have to provide a high throughput rate for the year to manage the demand. â€Å"Speed could mean the immediate stoppage of the London eye if an error is found with the wheel, a good example in March 2008 engineers found a problem, the London eye was immediately stopped and emergency repairs take place†. (Ronca 2002 pg 3) Dependability objectives: â€Å"Dependability means doing things in time for costumers to receive their goods or services†. (Slack, Chambers & Johnston 2010 pg 44) Dependability for the London eye include on time opening hours and closing hours, on time boarding and disembarking , keeping to reasonable queuing times to prevent long queues and increasing the flow of passengers boarding and disembarking and Keeping to TABS time. Flexibility objectives: â€Å"Changing the operation in some way either by changing what the operation does, how the operation is done or when it is being done†. (Slack, Chambers & Johnston 2010 pg 46) Mix flexibility – The London eye main objective is to provide a bird’s eye view of London in the early years, now with mix flexibility the London provides a range of other services including private capsules, wedding partnerships and corporate events. The London eye also provides volume flexibility by providing by changing the opening hours and closing hours during the winter months and summer months. Ensuring more people can avail of their services during the summer months compared to the winter months. Cost objectives: The London eye costs include staff costs construction costs, transportation costs and maintenance costs. The staff costs include staff wages and training, Construction costs include the making of the parts of the London eye, this includes the A-frame legs, hub and spindle, back –stay cables, spoke cables, rim, and insulated capsules. Transportation costs contain transferring each parts of the London eye using barges up the River Thames. Maintenance costs include a safety check on all parts of the eye especially the hydraulic motors, drive systems, safety systems and the backup safety system. Day to day operating costs includes heating, lighting and cleaning of the capsules. (See excel document for breakdown). Overall maintenance costs and construction costs take up most of the London eye. Operating costs especially heating can be reduced by providing a system were the heat in empty capsules can be switched off over a long period of time especially during the winter months because they may expect low passenger demand. E.g – On a cold and wet winter day, the passengers numbers for the London eye will be reduced compared to a summer day. Heating could be turned off at this time. This reduces costs and at the same time increase productivity. Question 2 32 capsules X 25 people = 800 passengers for half can hour. 800 people X 2 = 1600 passengers per hour. Summertime schedule 10am – 9.30pm = 12 hours 1600 passengers X 12 hours = 19,200 passengers for 12 hours/day. 19,200 passengers X 7 days = 134,440 passengers per week. Summer weeks = 24 weeks. Therefore total capacity for the summer is: 134,440 passengers per week X 24 weeks = 3,225,600 passengers Winter Schedule 1600 X 8 hours = 12, 800 passengers for an 8 hours/day 10am – 6pm = 8 hours 12,800 passengers X 7 days = 89,600 passengers per week. Winter weeks = 28 weeks. Therefore total capacity for the winter is: 89,600 passengers per week X 28 weeks = 2,508,800 passengers Total capacity based on the operating schedule of the London eye is: schedule Passengers Winter schedule 2,508,800 Summer schedule 3,225,600 Total operating Capacity 5,734,400 Question 3 There could be a loss of utilisation on the London eye due to variety of issues. Weather conditions The weather conditions can affect the London eye in a number of ways examples – utilisation can be affected in a number of ways. Heavy winds can affect the utilisation of the eye forcing it to stop also heavy snowfall can delay and reduce the amount of rotations the eye can perform or worse snowfall could mean that the London eye will not be operational. Blackouts Blackouts will have a major impact on the London eye. The London eye is powered electrically it needs electricity to rotate and in the event of a blackout, the London eye will be defective meaning it won’t be available to the public. Maintenance Maintenance in the case of the London eye mean checking for problems with the machines and servicing and replacing parts of the machines, maintenance could also mean cleaning the thirty two capsules. This can affect the utilisation of the service. Maintenance would not affect the utilisation if it is carried out after the opening hours of the London eye. Industrial actions Industrial actions in the form of strike can result to a loss in utilisation because without employees operating the London eye it means tourist cannot make use of the service it offers leading to a loss in utilisation. Security threats Although this is very unlikely, security threats especially terrorism threats or bomb blasts can also lead to a loss in utilisation. A bomb blast around the London eye could totally destroy it or cause massive damage making the London eye unrepairable while a terror threats would force the staff to evacuate tourists on the London eye. Health issues Health issues could pose a threat to the utilisation of the eye, If a tourist is being sick or injured or a pregnant woman is in one of the capsules during the rotation and goes into labour. The passengers would need to be rushed to the hospital, passengers won’t be allowed in any capsules until the passengers have been taken of the capsules. Future development. Future development could lead to a loss of utilisation in the future for the London eye if larger buildings are built around the area of the London eye and thus hindering the view of famous buildings around the eye, People won’t find the London eye, causing passengers numbers to fall leading to loss in utilisation. Competition based tourist destinations. This could also lead to a loss in utilisation indirectly. If people find other tourist destinations in London more attractive than the London eye, like the Big Ben or Chessington world of adventures or the globe. This could lead to a loss in passenger’s numbers to a low level for the London eye which creates loss in utilisation. The London eye process. This is relates more on the employees if employees are handling the operations of getting passengers on and off the capsules badly this could lead to sometimes not all capsules being filled, longer queues and a major loss in the utilisation of the London eye. Bibliography 1. Debra Ronca,(2008) ‘How the London eye work’ Available from http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/london-eye2.htm. [Accessed 28 November 2012] 2. Slack, Chambers & Johnston,(2010), Operations Management London Prentice Pearson

Hamlet – Hero or Villain

Hamlet comes across as both a hero and a villain throughout ‘Hamlet’ at different intervals. His loyalty, morality, honesty and popularity are certainly heroic traits however one can’t deny his villainous ways in his dealings with Ophelia, his killing of Polonius and most importantly his delaying of killing Claudius. Hamlet is full of faults yet full of honourable intentions. His negative qualities are slim compared to his heroic qualities therefore I believe Hamlet to be a hero, a â€Å"prince among men†. When we first meet Hamlet, he is dressed all in black and conveys all the â€Å"moods, forms and shapes of grief†.This depression is caused by his father’s recent death. Gertrude, his mother and Claudius, his uncle have noticed however Hamlet’s melancholy is much more intense than he is letting on â€Å"too too sullied flesh would melt†. He’s unable to forget his father even when all those around him have resumed their m erry lives. â€Å"I shall not look upon his like again†. This demonstrates the loyal side of the prince. His grief is further intensified by the cold-hearted actions of his mother. Gertrude married her brother in law, Claudius â€Å"within a month† of her husband’s death.Hamlet is unable to understand her disloyalty â€Å"a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer†. He believes he is living in a society with no standards and so becomes disillusioned with life â€Å"how weary, stale flat and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world†. His loyalty is certainly a heroic trait. The anger he felt towards his mother had a very a negative effect on a Hamlet. He began to feel anger at women as a whole which leads me to his villainous dealings with Ophelia. Hamlet feels neglected when Ophelia as ordered by her father, Polonius repels his letters.He condemns all women with the criticism of moral fickleness â€Å"fraility thy n ame is woman†. He hates Ophelia one moment and longs to engage in sexual intimacy with her the next. â€Å"Lie between maids’ legs†. He mistreats her with heartless and demeaning behaviour. In the nunnery scene he denies he ever loved her and tells her â€Å"get thee to a nunnery†. His inconsistent treating of Ophelia eventually drives her to insanity. The actual recognition of his love for Ophelia can only come when Hamlet realizes that she is dead, and free from her tainted womanly trappings â€Å"I lov’d Ophelia†.This is without doubt one of the most villainous qualities of Hamlet. His cruel treating of Ophelia however can also be seen as a heroic trait. He is honest about his feelings towards her. He is honest throughout the whole play, which is rare in ‘Hamlet’ as most of the characters live their lives through deception. He doesn’t once hide his hatred of Claudius â€Å"a little more than kin and less than kind†, he is also honest of his disliking of Polonius when he says his words have no substance â€Å"words words word†.He eventually tells his mother how disgusted he is with her marriage â€Å"O shame, where is thy blush? † and admits he treated her with cruelty â€Å"I must be cruel only to be kind†. He is even honest about his own inaction as he â€Å"lets all sleep†. His honesty throughout the play is admirable and only further proves him to be a hero. He is without doubt a man of high morals which is an important feature of a hero. He agrees to avenge his father even though he almost crushed with the burden. â€Å"oh cursed spite that ever I was born to set it right†.It is clear that he does not want to murder but accepts the task nonetheless â€Å"I have sworn’t†. He also apologises to Laertes for killing Polonius and asks for forgiveness. â€Å"give me your pardon, sir I have done you wrong†. His moral character is what I m ost admire about Hamlet. However Hamlet’s bravery for accepting the burden of revenge only heightens our awareness of his most negative quality, inaction. Faced with evidence that his uncle murdered his father, Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving his uncle’s guilt.He delays the moment of revenge for as long as he possibly can. He even passes up the perfect chance to kill Claudius in the courtyard when he is praying claiming if he kills him now he is only sending him to heaven. â€Å"this is hire and salary, not revenge†. Hamlet is aware of his inaction and is very self-critical of it. He admires the player’s passion in the play and become annoyed at himself for being â€Å"unpregnant of my cause†. He is made further aware of his inaction when the young Fortinbras fights for land â€Å"that had nothing in but the name† while he â€Å"lets all sleep†.His procrastination is his biggest fault and is his ultimate downfall in the play. Ina ction is certainly not a heroic characteristic. After Hamlet returns from England he is a changed man. He tells how Horatio how â€Å"there’s a divinity that shapes our ends†. It is becoming clear that Hamlet now sees the role of avenger in a different light than he did earlier in the play. As a true hero he is conscious of the fact that he is acting as an agent of justice. This new attitude remains with Hamlet right through to the play’s conclusion.Claudius invites him to engage in a duel with Laertes and Hamlet freely embraces the challenge. Hamlet seems to be more self-confident about his own ability to take clear, effective action. We are given the picture of a noble and fine young man in the concluding scenes. He finally gets revenge on Claudius however is stabbed by Laertes by doing so. A true hero who sacrifices himself to bring justice and honesty back to the state of Denmark, even his enemy Fortinbras admits he would have â€Å"proved most royal† for the throne.Hamlet is a truly much loved prince who possesses a vast degree of human virtue and ability and whose death is not only tragic but extremely noble. His villainous qualities, however strong in the beginning, truly evaporate as the play concludes. An honest, loyal, brave and moral man, there is no doubt that Hamlet is a hero. I’d trust him to rule my country any time! A hero is defined in the oxford English dictionary as â€Å"a man, often of divine ancestry, who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for his bold exploits. † You can’t deny it’s the perfect description of Hamlet!

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essays

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essays Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essay Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essay Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper HCS/405 November 23, 2011 Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper This paper discusses the elements of financial management that is important to the healthcare organizations, generally accepted accounting principles, and a summary of the articles related to healthcare financial management. Elements of Financial Management There are four different elements used in financial management. These elements include: planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and decision making. Planning Planning is used by the financial manager to recognize steps which must be taken to achieve objectives that are sought by the organization. Controlling The financial manager uses the controlling element to make sure the organization is following the plans that have been customary. This includes studying reports and comparing them with earlier reports. The purpose for the controlling element is to guarantee that plans are being followed as intended for. Organizing and Directed The organizing and directed element is used to ensure that the resources of the organization are being used successfully to accomplish plans that have been established. Decision Making The decision making element is used to make appropriate choices with the alternatives that have been given. GAAP The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, also known as GAAP, are the rules that must be followed by accountants, in the United States, to ensure that their work is legal and ethically correct. This includes their accounting methods, financial statements, and techniques. The GAAP is governed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). General Financial Ethical Standards

The History Iran Sanctions - 1979 Through 2017

The History Iran Sanctions - 1979 Through 2017 Although the United States imposed sanctions against Iran for decades, none levered the country into compliance with international rules regarding terrorism or nuclear energy. By early 2012, however, evidence appeared to be mounting that sanctions by both the U.S. and its global allies were hurting Iran. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action went into effect in 2015, easing tensions and sanctions considerably. Most of the sanctions cut into Irans oil exports, which account for 85 percent of the countrys export revenue. Irans repeated threats to close the Strait of Hormuz, a vital oil conduit, to international use indicated at one point that Iran was kicking at global oil usage to relieve pressure on its own oil industry. The Carter Years Islamic radicals captured 52 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held them hostage for 444 days beginning in November 1979. U.S. President Jimmy Carter tried unsuccessfully to free them, including authorizing a military rescue attempt. Iranians did not free the hostages until just after Ronald Reagan replaced Carter as president on January 20, 1981. The United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran in 1980 in the midst of that crisis. The U.S. also levied its first round of sanctions against Iran during this time. Carter banned imports of Iranian oil, froze some $12 billion in Iranian assets in the U.S. and later banned all U.S. trade with and travel to Iran in 1980. The U.S. lifted the embargoes after Iran released the hostages. Sanctions Under Reagan The Reagan Administration declared Iran a state sponsor of terrorism in 1983. As such, the U.S. opposed international loans to Iran. When Iran began threatening traffic through the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz in 1987, Reagan authorized naval escorts for civilian ships and signed a new embargo against Iranian imports. The United States also banned the sale of dual-use items to Iran – civilian goods with the possibility of military adaptation. The Clinton Years President Bill Clinton expanded U.S. sanctions against Iran in 1995. Iran was still labeled a state sponsor of terrorism and President Clinton took this action amid widespread fear it was pursuing weapons of mass destruction. He prohibited all American involvement with the Iranian petroleum industry. He banned all American investment in Iran in 1997, as well as what little U.S. trade remained with the country. Clinton also encouraged other countries to do the same. Sanctions Under George W. Bush The United States repeatedly froze the assets of people, groups or businesses identified as helping Iran sponsor terrorism under President George W. Bush, as well as those perceived as supporting Irans efforts to destabilize Iraq. The U.S. also froze the assets of foreign entities believed to be helping Iran in those areas. The United States  also banned so-called U-turn financial transfers involving Iran. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, a U-turn transfer involves Iran but originates and ends with non-Iranian foreign banks. Obamas Sanctions of Iran President Barack Obama has been strident with Iranian sanctions. He banned some imports of Iranian foodstuffs and carpets in 2010, and Congress also allowed him to tighten Iranian sanctions with the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA). Obama could encourage non-U.S. petroleum firms to halt the sale of gasoline to Iran, which has poor refineries. It imports nearly one-third of its gasoline. The CISADA also prohibited foreign entities from using American banks if they do business with Iran. The Obama Administration sanctioned Venezuelas nationalized oil company for trading with Iran in May 2011. Venezuela and Iran are close allies. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad traveled to Venezuela in early January 2012 to meet with President Hugo Chavez, in part  about the sanctions. In June 2011, the Treasury Department announced new sanctions against Irans Revolutionary Guard (already named in other sanctions), the Basij Resistance Force, and Iranian law enforcement entities. Obama ended 2011 by signing a defense funding bill that would allow the U.S. to cease dealing with financial institutions that do business with Irans central bank. The bills sanctions took effect between February and June 2012. Obama was given the power to waive aspects of the bill if implementation would hurt the U.S. economy. It was feared that limiting access to Iranian oil would drive up gasoline prices. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Six world powers joined together in 2013 to negotiate with Iran, offering relief from some sanctions if Iran would cease its nuclear efforts. Russia, Britain, Germany, France, and China joined the U.S. in this effort, which finally resulted in an agreement in 2015. Then came the prisoner swap in 2016, with the U.S. exchanging seven imprisoned Iranians in exchange for Iran releasing five Americans it was holding. The U.S. lifted its sanctions against Iran under President Obama in 2016.   President Donald J. Trump President Trump announced in April 2017 that his administration intends to review the countrys history of sanctions against Iran. Although many feared this would potentially eradicate the terms of the 2015 deal due to Irans continued support of terrorism, the review was, in fact, provided for and mandatory under the terms of the 2015 pact.

Foundation for marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Foundation for marketing - Assignment Example To the contrary, marketing is a financial investment with the customers being the Return on investment and is also a time investment where you only spend on it after learning well about your market (Grewal & Levy, 2010). In launching of a new product there a number of things that is vital to start with. You need to learn about the products or services chain and who the competitors are. This means you need to take a good market research in the industry which will help you determine whether the idea is viable. It will also help you identify your target market, analyse it and your capabilities. While researching, you could ask direct questions from the consumers or you could take your own research from existing information. Communication is a vital part of marketing as without it customers will just be aware but will actually not buy. You should have a unique selling proposition, unique features and benefits and a marketing message with a great image. You should be daring to be different. When you stand out and do things differently to attract attention and dare to go beyond any other business in your product or service line, you will definitely launch and sell your product or service with an agility y ou never imagined. In Claudio Vignali’s article, ‘McDonald’s: â€Å"think global, act local†-the marketing mix’, the author takes us on a journey of how the McDonald’s restaurants were established and how they came to grow through market mixing. After founding the restaurant in1937, the brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald were later joined by Ray Kroc, a milk-shake salesman giving him exclusive rights in 1954. The success made it rise in worth to become one of the greatest companies in the world’s history. The key to its international success according to the author was the use of franchising. They franchised to

Jacksonian era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jacksonian era - Essay Example Worldwide, this time was a fairly peaceful one, taking into account various national movements and smaller wars; however, in 1848 there were mass revolutions of the lower classes in Europe. This key event had global implications which were played out over the next few decades, and vastly changed the nature of history after the Jacksonian era. What historical evidence was used by the author, Robert Remini, to write this book, and was the historical evidence accurate? The historical evidence on which this book is based is a large collection of secondary source material. Remini used a large number of texts in researching for this book – forty-three, to be precise – but it is difficult to ignore the fact that none of these appear to be primary sources. History is a field where interpretation of sources is key, and it is slightly worrying that the author would have only focused his interpretation on other interpretations rather than on any original source material. Any perso nal flaws and biases have been magnified in Remini's analysis of purely secondary sources. That said, the wide range of sources is somewhat reassuring, and without reading all forty-three books, it can only be hoped that his biases allowed him to take an accurate and fairly un-prejudiced view. How did slavery and Indian removal affect the United States during the Jacksonian era? Before Jackson's ascent to the presidency, slavery in the United States had started to come to its end. In 1822 a small group of black slaves revolted, causing the deaths and banishment of at least 72 slaves. Throughout the Jacksonian era, slave-owners â€Å"dreaded† (Remini, 59) the eventual uprising of their slaves, and an 1831 rebellion fuelled these flames. The Nat Turner Rebellion involved the murder of roughly sixty white people, but, Remini argues, had less of an influence on abolition than the example of other countries and states at the same time. The slow emancipation of the slaves caused mu ch cultural discourse, some of it constructive, some of it less so – â€Å"race riots became a regular occurrence in Jacksonian America† (61), even reaching Washington D.C. in 1835. It was feared that the abolition of slavery would shatter the Union, and indeed there was almost civil war over a slavery-related issue in the early 1830s, with threats of secession coming from several states. Ultimately the slavery issue did cause civil war, creating a stronger and more equal United States. Although the book calls it 'Indian removal', a less racist and euphemistic term would be Native American banishment or deportation. Like slavery, the banishment of Native Americans from their homes was a way in which the white leaders of society prioritized their own desires above the needs of others, to the detriment of North American society. Jackson â€Å"demanded† (46) that Native Americans concede their land to him. In 1830, a Removal Act was passed, in which Native American s were guaranteed land in the west, and transportation thereto, if they would give up their land in the east; the Cherokee tribe refused and took the matter to the Supreme Court, arguing that they were not subject to state laws. The ruling, that they were neither subject to state laws nor independent, set a dangerous precedent as Native Americans as â€Å"domestic dependents† (47). Again, like slavery, states and races were divided along fault-lines, with radicals on each side respectively supporting Native American protection or